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Electrolysing mud: Membraneless electrolysis of water for hydrogen production using montmorillonite-rich marine mud

Christina Biggs, Bill Gannon, James Courtney, Daniel Curtis Orcid Logo, Charlie Dunnill Orcid Logo

Applied Clay Science, Volume: 241, Start page: 106950

Swansea University Authors: Christina Biggs, Bill Gannon, James Courtney, Daniel Curtis Orcid Logo, Charlie Dunnill Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.clay.2023.106950

Abstract

This paper describes a design for a low-cost membraneless water electrolyser for the production of green hydrogen that used a viscous electrolyte of naturally abundant montmorillonite-rich marine mud in a DEFT (divergent electrode flow through) geometry with stainless steel (304) mesh electrodes. Th...

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Published in: Applied Clay Science
ISSN: 0169-1317 1872-9053
Published: Elsevier BV 2023
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa63510
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The ratio of smectite to non-swelling clays in the mud was 1:2. The electrolyte was prepared by resuspending the mud in tap-water to remove the salt, and NaOH 1 M added to enhance the ionic conductivity, as measured by both Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and by the slope of DC current/voltage curves. Successful separation and collection of the hydrogen and oxygen gas was inferred from the ratio of 2:1 in the volumes of hydrogen and oxygen collected. Both acid and alkali treatments were trialled and it was found that, whereas acid treatment flocculated the mud, adding NaOH increased the dispersion, conductivity and viscosity, and reduced clogging. The conductivity of both the 24% dry mass alkali mud and a control 4% dry mass alkali bentonite suspension increased to that of pure NaOH 1 M when repeatedly electrolysed. Hydrogen and oxygen gas was collected for 10% and 24% dry mass muds. The less viscous 10% dry mass mud showed turbulent liquid-like behaviour which led to gas mixing but the 24% mud showed stable, solid-like flow and reliable gas separation. Three components of the energy efficiency of the electrolysis process are reported and discussed – the voltage efficiency of 42%, a gas collection efficiency of 50% and the auxiliary power efficiency of 60%. The overall energy efficiency due to these three contributing efficiencies, was 13% of the Higher Heating Value of 142 MJ/kg H2 for a current density of 45 mA/cm2. 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spelling v2 63510 2023-05-19 Electrolysing mud: Membraneless electrolysis of water for hydrogen production using montmorillonite-rich marine mud 47f9d302a48f226e4a05f127f9160360 Christina Biggs Christina Biggs true false 98bbf039bdc4835b1cbee374c8acd399 Bill Gannon Bill Gannon true false 919d02ade339d2aff29e96445039211b James Courtney James Courtney true false e76ff28a23af2fe37099c4e9a24c1e58 0000-0002-6955-0524 Daniel Curtis Daniel Curtis true false 0c4af8958eda0d2e914a5edc3210cd9e 0000-0003-4052-6931 Charlie Dunnill Charlie Dunnill true false 2023-05-19 CHEG This paper describes a design for a low-cost membraneless water electrolyser for the production of green hydrogen that used a viscous electrolyte of naturally abundant montmorillonite-rich marine mud in a DEFT (divergent electrode flow through) geometry with stainless steel (304) mesh electrodes. The ratio of smectite to non-swelling clays in the mud was 1:2. The electrolyte was prepared by resuspending the mud in tap-water to remove the salt, and NaOH 1 M added to enhance the ionic conductivity, as measured by both Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and by the slope of DC current/voltage curves. Successful separation and collection of the hydrogen and oxygen gas was inferred from the ratio of 2:1 in the volumes of hydrogen and oxygen collected. Both acid and alkali treatments were trialled and it was found that, whereas acid treatment flocculated the mud, adding NaOH increased the dispersion, conductivity and viscosity, and reduced clogging. The conductivity of both the 24% dry mass alkali mud and a control 4% dry mass alkali bentonite suspension increased to that of pure NaOH 1 M when repeatedly electrolysed. Hydrogen and oxygen gas was collected for 10% and 24% dry mass muds. The less viscous 10% dry mass mud showed turbulent liquid-like behaviour which led to gas mixing but the 24% mud showed stable, solid-like flow and reliable gas separation. Three components of the energy efficiency of the electrolysis process are reported and discussed – the voltage efficiency of 42%, a gas collection efficiency of 50% and the auxiliary power efficiency of 60%. The overall energy efficiency due to these three contributing efficiencies, was 13% of the Higher Heating Value of 142 MJ/kg H2 for a current density of 45 mA/cm2. This mud electrolyser may still be considered worth developing for an off-grid, low budget site with a low-power source of renewable energy. Journal Article Applied Clay Science 241 106950 Elsevier BV 0169-1317 1872-9053 Montmorillonite, Conductivity, Electrolysis, Hydrogen, Efficiency, Alkali 1 9 2023 2023-09-01 10.1016/j.clay.2023.106950 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.106950 COLLEGE NANME Chemical Engineering COLLEGE CODE CHEG Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) Daphne Jackson Trust 1385 2023-05-24T16:04:57.3965516 2023-05-19T13:15:33.4853778 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemical Engineering Christina Biggs 1 Bill Gannon 2 James Courtney 3 Daniel Curtis 0000-0002-6955-0524 4 Charlie Dunnill 0000-0003-4052-6931 5 63510__27542__d580390f1a414b48b8e262f1c05c812c.pdf 63510.VOR.pdf 2023-05-19T13:45:19.9642076 Output 4392447 application/pdf Version of Record true Distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY 4.0). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Electrolysing mud: Membraneless electrolysis of water for hydrogen production using montmorillonite-rich marine mud
spellingShingle Electrolysing mud: Membraneless electrolysis of water for hydrogen production using montmorillonite-rich marine mud
Christina Biggs
Bill Gannon
James Courtney
Daniel Curtis
Charlie Dunnill
title_short Electrolysing mud: Membraneless electrolysis of water for hydrogen production using montmorillonite-rich marine mud
title_full Electrolysing mud: Membraneless electrolysis of water for hydrogen production using montmorillonite-rich marine mud
title_fullStr Electrolysing mud: Membraneless electrolysis of water for hydrogen production using montmorillonite-rich marine mud
title_full_unstemmed Electrolysing mud: Membraneless electrolysis of water for hydrogen production using montmorillonite-rich marine mud
title_sort Electrolysing mud: Membraneless electrolysis of water for hydrogen production using montmorillonite-rich marine mud
author_id_str_mv 47f9d302a48f226e4a05f127f9160360
98bbf039bdc4835b1cbee374c8acd399
919d02ade339d2aff29e96445039211b
e76ff28a23af2fe37099c4e9a24c1e58
0c4af8958eda0d2e914a5edc3210cd9e
author_id_fullname_str_mv 47f9d302a48f226e4a05f127f9160360_***_Christina Biggs
98bbf039bdc4835b1cbee374c8acd399_***_Bill Gannon
919d02ade339d2aff29e96445039211b_***_James Courtney
e76ff28a23af2fe37099c4e9a24c1e58_***_Daniel Curtis
0c4af8958eda0d2e914a5edc3210cd9e_***_Charlie Dunnill
author Christina Biggs
Bill Gannon
James Courtney
Daniel Curtis
Charlie Dunnill
author2 Christina Biggs
Bill Gannon
James Courtney
Daniel Curtis
Charlie Dunnill
format Journal article
container_title Applied Clay Science
container_volume 241
container_start_page 106950
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
issn 0169-1317
1872-9053
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.clay.2023.106950
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemical Engineering
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.106950
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description This paper describes a design for a low-cost membraneless water electrolyser for the production of green hydrogen that used a viscous electrolyte of naturally abundant montmorillonite-rich marine mud in a DEFT (divergent electrode flow through) geometry with stainless steel (304) mesh electrodes. The ratio of smectite to non-swelling clays in the mud was 1:2. The electrolyte was prepared by resuspending the mud in tap-water to remove the salt, and NaOH 1 M added to enhance the ionic conductivity, as measured by both Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and by the slope of DC current/voltage curves. Successful separation and collection of the hydrogen and oxygen gas was inferred from the ratio of 2:1 in the volumes of hydrogen and oxygen collected. Both acid and alkali treatments were trialled and it was found that, whereas acid treatment flocculated the mud, adding NaOH increased the dispersion, conductivity and viscosity, and reduced clogging. The conductivity of both the 24% dry mass alkali mud and a control 4% dry mass alkali bentonite suspension increased to that of pure NaOH 1 M when repeatedly electrolysed. Hydrogen and oxygen gas was collected for 10% and 24% dry mass muds. The less viscous 10% dry mass mud showed turbulent liquid-like behaviour which led to gas mixing but the 24% mud showed stable, solid-like flow and reliable gas separation. Three components of the energy efficiency of the electrolysis process are reported and discussed – the voltage efficiency of 42%, a gas collection efficiency of 50% and the auxiliary power efficiency of 60%. The overall energy efficiency due to these three contributing efficiencies, was 13% of the Higher Heating Value of 142 MJ/kg H2 for a current density of 45 mA/cm2. This mud electrolyser may still be considered worth developing for an off-grid, low budget site with a low-power source of renewable energy.
published_date 2023-09-01T16:04:56Z
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score 11.036334

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