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Active travel to school: a longitudinal millennium cohort study of schooling outcomes

Ian Walker, Tim Gamble Orcid Logo

BMJ Open, Volume: 13, Issue: 3, Start page: e068388

Swansea University Author: Ian Walker

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DOI (Published version): 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068388

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Assess longitudinal associations between active travel during the school commute and later educational outcomes.SETTING: England, Wales and Northern Ireland.PARTICIPANTS: 6778 children, surveyed at ages 7, 11, 14, and 17.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: School-leaver GCSE exam scores, sum...

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Published in: BMJ Open
ISSN: 2044-6055 2044-6055
Published: BMJ 2023
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa62933
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These effects were mediated through changes in self-esteem, emotional difficulties and behavioural difficulties. Examples include: being driven to school at 11 was associated with improved exam performance at 16 mediated through enhanced self-esteem at 14 (ab = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.20, p = .05) and cycling at 14 was associated with better exam scores at 16 mediated through reduced emotional difficulty at 16 (ab = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.30, p = .05). The relationship between travel mode and exam performance was moderated by household income quintile, most notably with poorer exam performance seen in high-income children who were driven to school. Importantly, although our model predicted 21% of variance in exam performance, removing travel mode barely reduced its ability to predict exam scores (R2 = -.005, F20,6469 = 2.50, p &lt; .001).CONCLUSION: There are differences in school-leaver exam performance linked to travel mode choices earlier in the school career, but these differences are extremely small. 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spelling v2 62933 2023-03-15 Active travel to school: a longitudinal millennium cohort study of schooling outcomes ac9a28ab033f55f1a469ab76e12feb96 Ian Walker Ian Walker true false 2023-03-15 FGMHL OBJECTIVES: Assess longitudinal associations between active travel during the school commute and later educational outcomes.SETTING: England, Wales and Northern Ireland.PARTICIPANTS: 6778 children, surveyed at ages 7, 11, 14, and 17.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: School-leaver GCSE exam scores, summed to provide a single measure of educational success.RESULTS: Controlling a range of sociodemographic and health variables, using active vs passive travel modes during a child’s commute to school during earlier years predicted differences in school-leaver exam performance at age 16. These effects were mediated through changes in self-esteem, emotional difficulties and behavioural difficulties. Examples include: being driven to school at 11 was associated with improved exam performance at 16 mediated through enhanced self-esteem at 14 (ab = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.20, p = .05) and cycling at 14 was associated with better exam scores at 16 mediated through reduced emotional difficulty at 16 (ab = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.30, p = .05). The relationship between travel mode and exam performance was moderated by household income quintile, most notably with poorer exam performance seen in high-income children who were driven to school. Importantly, although our model predicted 21% of variance in exam performance, removing travel mode barely reduced its ability to predict exam scores (R2 = -.005, F20,6469 = 2.50, p < .001).CONCLUSION: There are differences in school-leaver exam performance linked to travel mode choices earlier in the school career, but these differences are extremely small. There appears to be no realistic educational disadvantage from any given travel mode, strengthening the case for cleaner, healthier modes to become the default. Journal Article BMJ Open 13 3 e068388 BMJ 2044-6055 2044-6055 23 3 2023 2023-03-23 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068388 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068388 COLLEGE NANME Medicine, Health and Life Science - Faculty COLLEGE CODE FGMHL Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) Swansea University 2023-09-13T16:53:33.6984790 2023-03-15T09:07:52.9167413 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Psychology Ian Walker 1 Tim Gamble 0000-0002-6610-0835 2 62933__26936__66ebc9c838434781b0adab82744dd13f.pdf 62933.VOR.pdf 2023-03-27T14:52:18.6554258 Output 342584 application/pdf Version of Record true This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ 175 Tim Gamble 0000-0002-6610-0835 true https://ukdataservice.ac.uk/. 176 true https://osf.io/u9wdr
title Active travel to school: a longitudinal millennium cohort study of schooling outcomes
spellingShingle Active travel to school: a longitudinal millennium cohort study of schooling outcomes
Ian Walker
title_short Active travel to school: a longitudinal millennium cohort study of schooling outcomes
title_full Active travel to school: a longitudinal millennium cohort study of schooling outcomes
title_fullStr Active travel to school: a longitudinal millennium cohort study of schooling outcomes
title_full_unstemmed Active travel to school: a longitudinal millennium cohort study of schooling outcomes
title_sort Active travel to school: a longitudinal millennium cohort study of schooling outcomes
author_id_str_mv ac9a28ab033f55f1a469ab76e12feb96
author_id_fullname_str_mv ac9a28ab033f55f1a469ab76e12feb96_***_Ian Walker
author Ian Walker
author2 Ian Walker
Tim Gamble
format Journal article
container_title BMJ Open
container_volume 13
container_issue 3
container_start_page e068388
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
issn 2044-6055
2044-6055
doi_str_mv 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068388
publisher BMJ
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str School of Psychology{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Psychology
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068388
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description OBJECTIVES: Assess longitudinal associations between active travel during the school commute and later educational outcomes.SETTING: England, Wales and Northern Ireland.PARTICIPANTS: 6778 children, surveyed at ages 7, 11, 14, and 17.PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: School-leaver GCSE exam scores, summed to provide a single measure of educational success.RESULTS: Controlling a range of sociodemographic and health variables, using active vs passive travel modes during a child’s commute to school during earlier years predicted differences in school-leaver exam performance at age 16. These effects were mediated through changes in self-esteem, emotional difficulties and behavioural difficulties. Examples include: being driven to school at 11 was associated with improved exam performance at 16 mediated through enhanced self-esteem at 14 (ab = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.20, p = .05) and cycling at 14 was associated with better exam scores at 16 mediated through reduced emotional difficulty at 16 (ab = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.30, p = .05). The relationship between travel mode and exam performance was moderated by household income quintile, most notably with poorer exam performance seen in high-income children who were driven to school. Importantly, although our model predicted 21% of variance in exam performance, removing travel mode barely reduced its ability to predict exam scores (R2 = -.005, F20,6469 = 2.50, p < .001).CONCLUSION: There are differences in school-leaver exam performance linked to travel mode choices earlier in the school career, but these differences are extremely small. There appears to be no realistic educational disadvantage from any given travel mode, strengthening the case for cleaner, healthier modes to become the default.
published_date 2023-03-23T16:53:35Z
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