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High dive efficiency in shallow water

Kimberley Stokes, Nicole Esteban Orcid Logo, Holly Stokes, Graeme C. Hays Orcid Logo

Marine Biology, Volume: 170, Issue: 4

Swansea University Authors: Kimberley Stokes, Nicole Esteban Orcid Logo, Holly Stokes

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DOI (Published version): 10.1007/s00227-023-04179-3

Abstract

Dive studies across mammals, birds, reptiles and fish often focus on deep dives, and shallow water diving has tended to be overlooked. For air-breathers, foraging in shallow water poses challenges since the lungs generate buoyancy, and shallow divers must trade off the extent of inhalation against t...

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Published in: Marine Biology
ISSN: 0025-3162 1432-1793
Published: Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa62593
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For air-breathers, foraging in shallow water poses challenges since the lungs generate buoyancy, and shallow divers must trade off the extent of inhalation against the negative buoyancy needed to avoid floating to the surface. Using high-resolution depth loggers, we addressed this knowledge gap around the ecology of shallow water diving at a foraging site for hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) where depth was typically &lt; 3 m. Contrary to predictions, dive durations were long, particularly at night (mean dive duration per turtle: 17–61 min, n = 12 turtles, n = 2576 nocturnal dives), despite warm water temperatures (24–37 °C). Dive efficiency (% time submerged) for hawksbills was 98%, the highest recorded for any air-breathing marine vertebrate including penguins (60–78%), seals (51–91%), cetaceans (68–87%), and other sea turtle species (68–95%). Hawksbills usually dive for much longer (42–286% increase) than green and loggerhead turtles when depth and temperature are accounted for. Hawksbill turtles likely forage in very shallow water to reduce predation risk from sharks: of 423 hawksbills captured by hand, none had any evidence of shark attack, although large sharks were present in nearby deeper water. Our results challenge the prediction that shallow water dives by air-breathers will usually be short and open the way for comparative studies of the ecology of shallow water diving in a range of other taxa. 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The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language><licence>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</licence></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling v2 62593 2023-02-07 High dive efficiency in shallow water 9ae3c7349402163dc0fbfe2e6dcd4dae Kimberley Stokes Kimberley Stokes true false fb2e760b83b4580e7445092982f1f319 0000-0003-4693-7221 Nicole Esteban Nicole Esteban true false 6ee6932996059ed9e4d581641acce2f7 Holly Stokes Holly Stokes true false 2023-02-07 SBI Dive studies across mammals, birds, reptiles and fish often focus on deep dives, and shallow water diving has tended to be overlooked. For air-breathers, foraging in shallow water poses challenges since the lungs generate buoyancy, and shallow divers must trade off the extent of inhalation against the negative buoyancy needed to avoid floating to the surface. Using high-resolution depth loggers, we addressed this knowledge gap around the ecology of shallow water diving at a foraging site for hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) where depth was typically < 3 m. Contrary to predictions, dive durations were long, particularly at night (mean dive duration per turtle: 17–61 min, n = 12 turtles, n = 2576 nocturnal dives), despite warm water temperatures (24–37 °C). Dive efficiency (% time submerged) for hawksbills was 98%, the highest recorded for any air-breathing marine vertebrate including penguins (60–78%), seals (51–91%), cetaceans (68–87%), and other sea turtle species (68–95%). Hawksbills usually dive for much longer (42–286% increase) than green and loggerhead turtles when depth and temperature are accounted for. Hawksbill turtles likely forage in very shallow water to reduce predation risk from sharks: of 423 hawksbills captured by hand, none had any evidence of shark attack, although large sharks were present in nearby deeper water. Our results challenge the prediction that shallow water dives by air-breathers will usually be short and open the way for comparative studies of the ecology of shallow water diving in a range of other taxa. Our work emphasises the likely importance of predation risk in shaping patterns of habitat utilisation. Journal Article Marine Biology 170 4 Springer Science and Business Media LLC 0025-3162 1432-1793 Biologging, Cheloniid, Depth use, Dive depth, Marine turtle, Indian Ocean 1 4 2023 2023-04-01 10.1007/s00227-023-04179-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04179-3 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences COLLEGE CODE SBI Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) Fondation Bertarelli (BPMS-2017-4) 2023-05-18T13:53:37.2283065 2023-02-07T09:43:15.3739143 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Kimberley Stokes 1 Nicole Esteban 0000-0003-4693-7221 2 Holly Stokes 3 Graeme C. Hays 0000-0002-3314-8189 4 62593__27519__b8b649cf889e47e0a175ff9bed7ef2e3.pdf 62593.VOR.pdf 2023-05-18T13:52:15.6618969 Output 2290263 application/pdf Version of Record true This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title High dive efficiency in shallow water
spellingShingle High dive efficiency in shallow water
Kimberley Stokes
Nicole Esteban
Holly Stokes
title_short High dive efficiency in shallow water
title_full High dive efficiency in shallow water
title_fullStr High dive efficiency in shallow water
title_full_unstemmed High dive efficiency in shallow water
title_sort High dive efficiency in shallow water
author_id_str_mv 9ae3c7349402163dc0fbfe2e6dcd4dae
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author_id_fullname_str_mv 9ae3c7349402163dc0fbfe2e6dcd4dae_***_Kimberley Stokes
fb2e760b83b4580e7445092982f1f319_***_Nicole Esteban
6ee6932996059ed9e4d581641acce2f7_***_Holly Stokes
author Kimberley Stokes
Nicole Esteban
Holly Stokes
author2 Kimberley Stokes
Nicole Esteban
Holly Stokes
Graeme C. Hays
format Journal article
container_title Marine Biology
container_volume 170
container_issue 4
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
issn 0025-3162
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doi_str_mv 10.1007/s00227-023-04179-3
publisher Springer Science and Business Media LLC
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
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department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-023-04179-3
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description Dive studies across mammals, birds, reptiles and fish often focus on deep dives, and shallow water diving has tended to be overlooked. For air-breathers, foraging in shallow water poses challenges since the lungs generate buoyancy, and shallow divers must trade off the extent of inhalation against the negative buoyancy needed to avoid floating to the surface. Using high-resolution depth loggers, we addressed this knowledge gap around the ecology of shallow water diving at a foraging site for hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) where depth was typically < 3 m. Contrary to predictions, dive durations were long, particularly at night (mean dive duration per turtle: 17–61 min, n = 12 turtles, n = 2576 nocturnal dives), despite warm water temperatures (24–37 °C). Dive efficiency (% time submerged) for hawksbills was 98%, the highest recorded for any air-breathing marine vertebrate including penguins (60–78%), seals (51–91%), cetaceans (68–87%), and other sea turtle species (68–95%). Hawksbills usually dive for much longer (42–286% increase) than green and loggerhead turtles when depth and temperature are accounted for. Hawksbill turtles likely forage in very shallow water to reduce predation risk from sharks: of 423 hawksbills captured by hand, none had any evidence of shark attack, although large sharks were present in nearby deeper water. Our results challenge the prediction that shallow water dives by air-breathers will usually be short and open the way for comparative studies of the ecology of shallow water diving in a range of other taxa. Our work emphasises the likely importance of predation risk in shaping patterns of habitat utilisation.
published_date 2023-04-01T13:53:35Z
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