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Measurement of thermal sweating at rest and steady-state exercise in healthy adults: Inter-day reliability and relationships with components of partitional calorimetry

Jenny Peel, Melitta McNarry Orcid Logo, Shane Heffernan Orcid Logo, Venturino R. Nevola, Liam Kilduff Orcid Logo, Mark Waldron Orcid Logo

PLOS ONE, Volume: 17, Issue: 12, Start page: e0278652

Swansea University Authors: Jenny Peel, Melitta McNarry Orcid Logo, Shane Heffernan Orcid Logo, Liam Kilduff Orcid Logo, Mark Waldron Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1371/journal.pone.0278652

Abstract

Objective. Inter-day reliability of sweat measurements, including the absorbent patch and modified iodine-paper techniques, at rest and exercise were evaluated. We further evaluated the effect of iodine paper size and the method of establishing sweat gland activation (sweat gland counting or surface...

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ISSN: 1932-6203
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2022
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Inter-day reliability of sweat measurements, including the absorbent patch and modified iodine-paper techniques, at rest and exercise were evaluated. We further evaluated the effect of iodine paper size and the method of establishing sweat gland activation (sweat gland counting or surface area covered) on reliability. Furthermore, the relationships between all measurement techniques and metabolic heat production [&#x1E22;prod] and evaporative requirement for heat balance [&#x116;req] were determined.Method. Twelve participants were assessed for whole-body sweat loss (WBSL), local sweat rate (LSR; absorbent patch) and sweat gland activation (SGA; iodine-paper) during rest and sub-maximal cycling at ~200, ~250 and ~300 W/m2 &#x1E22;prod in the heat. Variations in iodine paper (1 x 1 cm-9 x 9 cm) were used to quantify SGA by counting sweat glands or surface area covered. The &#x2018;optimal&#x2019; area of SGA was also determined based on the highest density of recruited glands. Results. All measures of the sweating response were positively related with &#x1E22;prod and &#x116;req (r = 0.53-0.84), with the 9 x 9 cm and 6 x 6 cm iodine paper sizes being the strongest (r = 0.66-0.84) for SGA. Superior inter-day reliability was found for all measures during exercise (CV% = 6-33.2) compared to rest (CV% = 33.5-77.9). The iodine-paper technique was most reliable at 9 x 9 cm (CV% = 15.9) or when the 1 x 1 cm (CV% = 17.6) and 3 x 3 cm (CV% = 15.5) optimal SGA was determined, particularly when measuring the sweat gland number.Significance. WBSL, LSR and SGA measurement techniques are sufficiently reliable to detect changes in thermal sweating typically reported. We recommend 9 x 9 cm paper sizes or 1 x 1 cm-3 x 3 cm optimal areas, using either gland counting or surface area to determine SGA.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>PLOS ONE</journal><volume>17</volume><journalNumber>12</journalNumber><paginationStart>e0278652</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic>1932-6203</issnElectronic><keywords/><publishedDay>1</publishedDay><publishedMonth>12</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2022</publishedYear><publishedDate>2022-12-01</publishedDate><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0278652</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Science and Engineering - Faculty</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>FGSEN</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal)</apcterm><funders>Swansea University: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2023-01-03T14:14:25.9664360</lastEdited><Created>2022-11-25T11:43:52.7140362</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Jenny</firstname><surname>Peel</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Melitta</firstname><surname>McNarry</surname><orcid>0000-0003-0813-7477</orcid><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Shane</firstname><surname>Heffernan</surname><orcid>0000-0002-3297-9335</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Venturino R.</firstname><surname>Nevola</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Liam</firstname><surname>Kilduff</surname><orcid>0000-0001-9449-2293</orcid><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Mark</firstname><surname>Waldron</surname><orcid>0000-0002-2720-4615</orcid><order>6</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>62043__26069__500d370147d146a680dd86baec513180.pdf</filename><originalFilename>62043_VoR.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2022-12-12T14:46:29.8657531</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>1881327</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>&#xA9; 2022 Peel et al. 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spelling 2023-01-03T14:14:25.9664360 v2 62043 2022-11-25 Measurement of thermal sweating at rest and steady-state exercise in healthy adults: Inter-day reliability and relationships with components of partitional calorimetry 86316fdeb6b4ee7ce0206f789eec781c Jenny Peel Jenny Peel true false 062f5697ff59f004bc8c713955988398 0000-0003-0813-7477 Melitta McNarry Melitta McNarry true false 72c0b36891dfbec0378c0d0f7916e807 0000-0002-3297-9335 Shane Heffernan Shane Heffernan true false 972ed9a1dda7a0de20581a0f8350be98 0000-0001-9449-2293 Liam Kilduff Liam Kilduff true false 70db7c6c54d46f5e70b39e5ae0a056fa 0000-0002-2720-4615 Mark Waldron Mark Waldron true false 2022-11-25 FGSEN Objective. Inter-day reliability of sweat measurements, including the absorbent patch and modified iodine-paper techniques, at rest and exercise were evaluated. We further evaluated the effect of iodine paper size and the method of establishing sweat gland activation (sweat gland counting or surface area covered) on reliability. Furthermore, the relationships between all measurement techniques and metabolic heat production [Ḣprod] and evaporative requirement for heat balance [Ėreq] were determined.Method. Twelve participants were assessed for whole-body sweat loss (WBSL), local sweat rate (LSR; absorbent patch) and sweat gland activation (SGA; iodine-paper) during rest and sub-maximal cycling at ~200, ~250 and ~300 W/m2 Ḣprod in the heat. Variations in iodine paper (1 x 1 cm-9 x 9 cm) were used to quantify SGA by counting sweat glands or surface area covered. The ‘optimal’ area of SGA was also determined based on the highest density of recruited glands. Results. All measures of the sweating response were positively related with Ḣprod and Ėreq (r = 0.53-0.84), with the 9 x 9 cm and 6 x 6 cm iodine paper sizes being the strongest (r = 0.66-0.84) for SGA. Superior inter-day reliability was found for all measures during exercise (CV% = 6-33.2) compared to rest (CV% = 33.5-77.9). The iodine-paper technique was most reliable at 9 x 9 cm (CV% = 15.9) or when the 1 x 1 cm (CV% = 17.6) and 3 x 3 cm (CV% = 15.5) optimal SGA was determined, particularly when measuring the sweat gland number.Significance. WBSL, LSR and SGA measurement techniques are sufficiently reliable to detect changes in thermal sweating typically reported. We recommend 9 x 9 cm paper sizes or 1 x 1 cm-3 x 3 cm optimal areas, using either gland counting or surface area to determine SGA. Journal Article PLOS ONE 17 12 e0278652 Public Library of Science (PLoS) 1932-6203 1 12 2022 2022-12-01 10.1371/journal.pone.0278652 COLLEGE NANME Science and Engineering - Faculty COLLEGE CODE FGSEN Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) Swansea University: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work. 2023-01-03T14:14:25.9664360 2022-11-25T11:43:52.7140362 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences Jenny Peel 1 Melitta McNarry 0000-0003-0813-7477 2 Shane Heffernan 0000-0002-3297-9335 3 Venturino R. Nevola 4 Liam Kilduff 0000-0001-9449-2293 5 Mark Waldron 0000-0002-2720-4615 6 62043__26069__500d370147d146a680dd86baec513180.pdf 62043_VoR.pdf 2022-12-12T14:46:29.8657531 Output 1881327 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2022 Peel et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Measurement of thermal sweating at rest and steady-state exercise in healthy adults: Inter-day reliability and relationships with components of partitional calorimetry
spellingShingle Measurement of thermal sweating at rest and steady-state exercise in healthy adults: Inter-day reliability and relationships with components of partitional calorimetry
Jenny Peel
Melitta McNarry
Shane Heffernan
Liam Kilduff
Mark Waldron
title_short Measurement of thermal sweating at rest and steady-state exercise in healthy adults: Inter-day reliability and relationships with components of partitional calorimetry
title_full Measurement of thermal sweating at rest and steady-state exercise in healthy adults: Inter-day reliability and relationships with components of partitional calorimetry
title_fullStr Measurement of thermal sweating at rest and steady-state exercise in healthy adults: Inter-day reliability and relationships with components of partitional calorimetry
title_full_unstemmed Measurement of thermal sweating at rest and steady-state exercise in healthy adults: Inter-day reliability and relationships with components of partitional calorimetry
title_sort Measurement of thermal sweating at rest and steady-state exercise in healthy adults: Inter-day reliability and relationships with components of partitional calorimetry
author_id_str_mv 86316fdeb6b4ee7ce0206f789eec781c
062f5697ff59f004bc8c713955988398
72c0b36891dfbec0378c0d0f7916e807
972ed9a1dda7a0de20581a0f8350be98
70db7c6c54d46f5e70b39e5ae0a056fa
author_id_fullname_str_mv 86316fdeb6b4ee7ce0206f789eec781c_***_Jenny Peel
062f5697ff59f004bc8c713955988398_***_Melitta McNarry
72c0b36891dfbec0378c0d0f7916e807_***_Shane Heffernan
972ed9a1dda7a0de20581a0f8350be98_***_Liam Kilduff
70db7c6c54d46f5e70b39e5ae0a056fa_***_Mark Waldron
author Jenny Peel
Melitta McNarry
Shane Heffernan
Liam Kilduff
Mark Waldron
author2 Jenny Peel
Melitta McNarry
Shane Heffernan
Venturino R. Nevola
Liam Kilduff
Mark Waldron
format Journal article
container_title PLOS ONE
container_volume 17
container_issue 12
container_start_page e0278652
publishDate 2022
institution Swansea University
issn 1932-6203
doi_str_mv 10.1371/journal.pone.0278652
publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Objective. Inter-day reliability of sweat measurements, including the absorbent patch and modified iodine-paper techniques, at rest and exercise were evaluated. We further evaluated the effect of iodine paper size and the method of establishing sweat gland activation (sweat gland counting or surface area covered) on reliability. Furthermore, the relationships between all measurement techniques and metabolic heat production [Ḣprod] and evaporative requirement for heat balance [Ėreq] were determined.Method. Twelve participants were assessed for whole-body sweat loss (WBSL), local sweat rate (LSR; absorbent patch) and sweat gland activation (SGA; iodine-paper) during rest and sub-maximal cycling at ~200, ~250 and ~300 W/m2 Ḣprod in the heat. Variations in iodine paper (1 x 1 cm-9 x 9 cm) were used to quantify SGA by counting sweat glands or surface area covered. The ‘optimal’ area of SGA was also determined based on the highest density of recruited glands. Results. All measures of the sweating response were positively related with Ḣprod and Ėreq (r = 0.53-0.84), with the 9 x 9 cm and 6 x 6 cm iodine paper sizes being the strongest (r = 0.66-0.84) for SGA. Superior inter-day reliability was found for all measures during exercise (CV% = 6-33.2) compared to rest (CV% = 33.5-77.9). The iodine-paper technique was most reliable at 9 x 9 cm (CV% = 15.9) or when the 1 x 1 cm (CV% = 17.6) and 3 x 3 cm (CV% = 15.5) optimal SGA was determined, particularly when measuring the sweat gland number.Significance. WBSL, LSR and SGA measurement techniques are sufficiently reliable to detect changes in thermal sweating typically reported. We recommend 9 x 9 cm paper sizes or 1 x 1 cm-3 x 3 cm optimal areas, using either gland counting or surface area to determine SGA.
published_date 2022-12-01T04:21:21Z
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score 11.037581

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