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Vertically layered flow structure at confluence of a reservoir and tributary carrying high sediment loads

Yining Sun, Ji Li Orcid Logo, Zhixian Cao, Alistair G.L. Borthwick

Frontiers in Earth Science, Volume: 10

Swansea University Author: Ji Li Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.3389/feart.2022.924005

Abstract

Enhanced understanding of flow structure at a river confluence is essential for predictions of sediment transport and morphological evolution. To date, however, the confluent flow structure of a reservoir and tributary carrying high sediment loads has remained poorly understood, and may be verticall...

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Published in: Frontiers in Earth Science
ISSN: 2296-6463
Published: Frontiers Media SA 2022
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa61370
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To date, however, the confluent flow structure of a reservoir and tributary carrying high sediment loads has remained poorly understood, and may be vertically layered sharply, featuring subaqueous sediment-laden flow, i.e., turbidity currents underneath subaerial clear water. Here a recently established 2D double layer-averaged model, able to resolve the formation, propagation, and recession of turbidity currents, is used to investigate a series of idealized laboratory-scale cases and a prototype case study of the Guxian Reservoir on the Yellow River, China. Four primary patterns of the stable, vertically layered flow structure at a reservoir-tributary confluence are identified: 1) single layers of sediment-laden inflow in both the main channel and tributary, sustained by sufficient vertical mixing; 2) a double layer in the main channel and a single layer of sediment-laden inflow in the tributary, when the sediment-laden flow in the tributary suffices to block intrusion of flow in the main channel; 3) a single layer of sediment-laden inflow in the main channel and a double layer in the tributary, induced by the intrusion of sediment-laden flow from the main channel into clear-water flow with small discharge in the tributary; and 4) double layers in both the main channel and tributary, which may be further divided into three subpatterns, as turbidity current exists in both the main channel and tributary, or in the main channel (tributary) intruding into the tributary (main channel). In response to unsteady discharge and sediment inputs from upstream, the vertically layered flow structure evolves in time, and may fall into one of the patterns identified above. Although bed deformation in the long term may modify the confluent flow, the vertically layered flow pattern remains so far as the present cases are concerned. 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spelling 2022-10-11T10:38:24.4241360 v2 61370 2022-09-28 Vertically layered flow structure at confluence of a reservoir and tributary carrying high sediment loads 4123c4ddbcd6e77f580974c661461c7c 0000-0003-4328-3197 Ji Li Ji Li true false 2022-09-28 CIVL Enhanced understanding of flow structure at a river confluence is essential for predictions of sediment transport and morphological evolution. To date, however, the confluent flow structure of a reservoir and tributary carrying high sediment loads has remained poorly understood, and may be vertically layered sharply, featuring subaqueous sediment-laden flow, i.e., turbidity currents underneath subaerial clear water. Here a recently established 2D double layer-averaged model, able to resolve the formation, propagation, and recession of turbidity currents, is used to investigate a series of idealized laboratory-scale cases and a prototype case study of the Guxian Reservoir on the Yellow River, China. Four primary patterns of the stable, vertically layered flow structure at a reservoir-tributary confluence are identified: 1) single layers of sediment-laden inflow in both the main channel and tributary, sustained by sufficient vertical mixing; 2) a double layer in the main channel and a single layer of sediment-laden inflow in the tributary, when the sediment-laden flow in the tributary suffices to block intrusion of flow in the main channel; 3) a single layer of sediment-laden inflow in the main channel and a double layer in the tributary, induced by the intrusion of sediment-laden flow from the main channel into clear-water flow with small discharge in the tributary; and 4) double layers in both the main channel and tributary, which may be further divided into three subpatterns, as turbidity current exists in both the main channel and tributary, or in the main channel (tributary) intruding into the tributary (main channel). In response to unsteady discharge and sediment inputs from upstream, the vertically layered flow structure evolves in time, and may fall into one of the patterns identified above. Although bed deformation in the long term may modify the confluent flow, the vertically layered flow pattern remains so far as the present cases are concerned. The findings have implications for sediment transport and morphological evolution at a reservoir–tributary confluence, for which further studies are suggested to inform the optimization of reservoir operation schemes to mitigate capacity loss caused by sedimentation. Journal Article Frontiers in Earth Science 10 Frontiers Media SA 2296-6463 reservoir, river confluence, turbidity current, vertically layered flow structure, Yellow River 26 8 2022 2022-08-26 10.3389/feart.2022.924005 COLLEGE NANME Civil Engineering COLLEGE CODE CIVL Swansea University This work has been funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 12072244. 2022-10-11T10:38:24.4241360 2022-09-28T08:57:53.0357990 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Civil Engineering Yining Sun 1 Ji Li 0000-0003-4328-3197 2 Zhixian Cao 3 Alistair G.L. Borthwick 4 61370__25400__5865c9cd61294d0887196ae3b649478b.pdf 61370_VoR.pdf 2022-10-11T10:37:06.2338790 Output 3822447 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2022 Sun, Li, Cao and Borthwick. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Vertically layered flow structure at confluence of a reservoir and tributary carrying high sediment loads
spellingShingle Vertically layered flow structure at confluence of a reservoir and tributary carrying high sediment loads
Ji Li
title_short Vertically layered flow structure at confluence of a reservoir and tributary carrying high sediment loads
title_full Vertically layered flow structure at confluence of a reservoir and tributary carrying high sediment loads
title_fullStr Vertically layered flow structure at confluence of a reservoir and tributary carrying high sediment loads
title_full_unstemmed Vertically layered flow structure at confluence of a reservoir and tributary carrying high sediment loads
title_sort Vertically layered flow structure at confluence of a reservoir and tributary carrying high sediment loads
author_id_str_mv 4123c4ddbcd6e77f580974c661461c7c
author_id_fullname_str_mv 4123c4ddbcd6e77f580974c661461c7c_***_Ji Li
author Ji Li
author2 Yining Sun
Ji Li
Zhixian Cao
Alistair G.L. Borthwick
format Journal article
container_title Frontiers in Earth Science
container_volume 10
publishDate 2022
institution Swansea University
issn 2296-6463
doi_str_mv 10.3389/feart.2022.924005
publisher Frontiers Media SA
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Civil Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Civil Engineering
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Enhanced understanding of flow structure at a river confluence is essential for predictions of sediment transport and morphological evolution. To date, however, the confluent flow structure of a reservoir and tributary carrying high sediment loads has remained poorly understood, and may be vertically layered sharply, featuring subaqueous sediment-laden flow, i.e., turbidity currents underneath subaerial clear water. Here a recently established 2D double layer-averaged model, able to resolve the formation, propagation, and recession of turbidity currents, is used to investigate a series of idealized laboratory-scale cases and a prototype case study of the Guxian Reservoir on the Yellow River, China. Four primary patterns of the stable, vertically layered flow structure at a reservoir-tributary confluence are identified: 1) single layers of sediment-laden inflow in both the main channel and tributary, sustained by sufficient vertical mixing; 2) a double layer in the main channel and a single layer of sediment-laden inflow in the tributary, when the sediment-laden flow in the tributary suffices to block intrusion of flow in the main channel; 3) a single layer of sediment-laden inflow in the main channel and a double layer in the tributary, induced by the intrusion of sediment-laden flow from the main channel into clear-water flow with small discharge in the tributary; and 4) double layers in both the main channel and tributary, which may be further divided into three subpatterns, as turbidity current exists in both the main channel and tributary, or in the main channel (tributary) intruding into the tributary (main channel). In response to unsteady discharge and sediment inputs from upstream, the vertically layered flow structure evolves in time, and may fall into one of the patterns identified above. Although bed deformation in the long term may modify the confluent flow, the vertically layered flow pattern remains so far as the present cases are concerned. The findings have implications for sediment transport and morphological evolution at a reservoir–tributary confluence, for which further studies are suggested to inform the optimization of reservoir operation schemes to mitigate capacity loss caused by sedimentation.
published_date 2022-08-26T04:20:10Z
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