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Selected Immunoendocrine Measures for Monitoring Responses to Training and Match Load in Professional Association Football: A Review of the Evidence

Matthew Springham, Robert U. Newton, Anthony J. Strudwick, Mark Waldron Orcid Logo

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, Volume: 17, Issue: 12, Pages: 1654 - 1663

Swansea University Author: Mark Waldron Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0226

Abstract

Biomarkers relating to player ‘stress-balance’, immunological (i.e., immunoglobulin-A) and hormonal (i.e., testosterone and cortisol) status are now commonly used in football. This article is our critical review of the scientific literature relating to the response of these measures to player load a...

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Published in: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
ISSN: 1555-0265 1555-0273
Published: Human Kinetics 2022
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa61216
first_indexed 2022-09-14T11:39:44Z
last_indexed 2023-01-13T19:21:50Z
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spelling 2023-01-12T12:15:20.8038032 v2 61216 2022-09-14 Selected Immunoendocrine Measures for Monitoring Responses to Training and Match Load in Professional Association Football: A Review of the Evidence 70db7c6c54d46f5e70b39e5ae0a056fa 0000-0002-2720-4615 Mark Waldron Mark Waldron true false 2022-09-14 EAAS Biomarkers relating to player ‘stress-balance’, immunological (i.e., immunoglobulin-A) and hormonal (i.e., testosterone and cortisol) status are now commonly used in football. This article is our critical review of the scientific literature relating to the response of these measures to player load and their relationships with player health. The commonly reported relationship between immunoglobulin-A and training or match load highlights its sensitivity to changes in psychophysiological stress and the increased risk of compromised mucosal immunity. This is supported by its close relationship with symptoms of upper-respiratory tract infection and its association with perceived fatigue in football players. Testosterone and cortisol concentrations and the testosterone-cortisol ratio are sensitive to changes in player load, but the direction of their response is often inconsistent and is likely influenced by player training status and non-sport related stressors. Some evidence indicates that sustained periods of high training volume can increase resting testosterone, and that sustained periods of low and high training intensity can increase resting cortisol, compromising the testosterone-cortisol ratio. These findings are noteworthy, as recent findings indicate inter-relationships between testosterone, cortisol, testosterone:cortisol and perceived measures of fatigue, sleep quality and muscle soreness in football players. Variability in individual responses suggests the need for a multivariate and individualised approach to player monitoring. Overall, we consider that there is sufficient evidence to support the use of salivary immunoglobulin-A, testosterone, cortisol and testosterone:cortisol measures, as part of a multivariate, individualised player monitoring system in professional football. Journal Article International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 17 12 1654 1663 Human Kinetics 1555-0265 1555-0273 Monitoring; Saliva; Immunological; Hormonal; Soccer 1 12 2022 2022-12-01 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0226 COLLEGE NANME Engineering and Applied Sciences School COLLEGE CODE EAAS Swansea University 2023-01-12T12:15:20.8038032 2022-09-14T12:35:13.2299583 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences Matthew Springham 1 Robert U. Newton 2 Anthony J. Strudwick 3 Mark Waldron 0000-0002-2720-4615 4 61216__25136__b2ca42cf85f14e45bd2bcccbf112822d.pdf 61216.pdf 2022-09-14T12:39:38.3589048 Output 223650 application/pdf Accepted Manuscript true true eng
title Selected Immunoendocrine Measures for Monitoring Responses to Training and Match Load in Professional Association Football: A Review of the Evidence
spellingShingle Selected Immunoendocrine Measures for Monitoring Responses to Training and Match Load in Professional Association Football: A Review of the Evidence
Mark Waldron
title_short Selected Immunoendocrine Measures for Monitoring Responses to Training and Match Load in Professional Association Football: A Review of the Evidence
title_full Selected Immunoendocrine Measures for Monitoring Responses to Training and Match Load in Professional Association Football: A Review of the Evidence
title_fullStr Selected Immunoendocrine Measures for Monitoring Responses to Training and Match Load in Professional Association Football: A Review of the Evidence
title_full_unstemmed Selected Immunoendocrine Measures for Monitoring Responses to Training and Match Load in Professional Association Football: A Review of the Evidence
title_sort Selected Immunoendocrine Measures for Monitoring Responses to Training and Match Load in Professional Association Football: A Review of the Evidence
author_id_str_mv 70db7c6c54d46f5e70b39e5ae0a056fa
author_id_fullname_str_mv 70db7c6c54d46f5e70b39e5ae0a056fa_***_Mark Waldron
author Mark Waldron
author2 Matthew Springham
Robert U. Newton
Anthony J. Strudwick
Mark Waldron
format Journal article
container_title International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance
container_volume 17
container_issue 12
container_start_page 1654
publishDate 2022
institution Swansea University
issn 1555-0265
1555-0273
doi_str_mv 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0226
publisher Human Kinetics
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences
document_store_str 1
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description Biomarkers relating to player ‘stress-balance’, immunological (i.e., immunoglobulin-A) and hormonal (i.e., testosterone and cortisol) status are now commonly used in football. This article is our critical review of the scientific literature relating to the response of these measures to player load and their relationships with player health. The commonly reported relationship between immunoglobulin-A and training or match load highlights its sensitivity to changes in psychophysiological stress and the increased risk of compromised mucosal immunity. This is supported by its close relationship with symptoms of upper-respiratory tract infection and its association with perceived fatigue in football players. Testosterone and cortisol concentrations and the testosterone-cortisol ratio are sensitive to changes in player load, but the direction of their response is often inconsistent and is likely influenced by player training status and non-sport related stressors. Some evidence indicates that sustained periods of high training volume can increase resting testosterone, and that sustained periods of low and high training intensity can increase resting cortisol, compromising the testosterone-cortisol ratio. These findings are noteworthy, as recent findings indicate inter-relationships between testosterone, cortisol, testosterone:cortisol and perceived measures of fatigue, sleep quality and muscle soreness in football players. Variability in individual responses suggests the need for a multivariate and individualised approach to player monitoring. Overall, we consider that there is sufficient evidence to support the use of salivary immunoglobulin-A, testosterone, cortisol and testosterone:cortisol measures, as part of a multivariate, individualised player monitoring system in professional football.
published_date 2022-12-01T20:15:22Z
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