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Going beyond the DSM in predicting, diagnosing, and treating autism spectrum disorder with covarying alexithymia and OCD: A structural equation model and process-based predictive coding account

Darren Edwards Orcid Logo

Frontiers in Psychology, Volume: 13

Swansea University Author: Darren Edwards Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.993381

Abstract

Background: There is much overlap between the symptomology of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), and alexithymia, which all typically involve impaired social interactions, repetitive impulsive behaviors, problems with communication, and mental health. Aim: To id...

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Published in: Frontiers in Psychology
ISSN: 1664-1078
Published: Frontiers Media SA 2022
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Aim: To identify direct and indirect associations between alexithymia, OCD, cardiac interoception, psychological inflexibility, and self-as-context, with the DVs ASD and depression, whilst controlling for vagal related aging. Methodology: The data involved electrocardiogram (ECG) heart rate variability (HRV) and questionnaire data. 1,089 participant’s data of ECG recordings of healthy resting state HRV were recorded and grouped into age categories. In addition to this, another 224 participants completed an online survey which included the following questionnaires: Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS); Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20 (TAS-20); Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQII); Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DAS21); Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Scale (MAIA); and the self-as-context scale (SAC). Results: HRV was shown to decrease with age when controlling for BMI and gender. In the two SEM models produced, it was found that OCD and alexithymia were causally associated to autism and depression indirectly through psychological inflexibility, SAC and ISen interoception. Conclusion: Results are discussed in relation to limitations of the DSM with its categorical focus of protocols for syndromes and provides support for more flexible ideographic approaches in diagnosing and treating mental health and autism within the Extended Evolutionary Meta Model (EEMM). 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spelling v2 60770 2022-08-07 Going beyond the DSM in predicting, diagnosing, and treating autism spectrum disorder with covarying alexithymia and OCD: A structural equation model and process-based predictive coding account bee507022c083d875238b7802b96cbeb 0000-0002-2143-1198 Darren Edwards Darren Edwards true false 2022-08-07 PHAC Background: There is much overlap between the symptomology of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), and alexithymia, which all typically involve impaired social interactions, repetitive impulsive behaviors, problems with communication, and mental health. Aim: To identify direct and indirect associations between alexithymia, OCD, cardiac interoception, psychological inflexibility, and self-as-context, with the DVs ASD and depression, whilst controlling for vagal related aging. Methodology: The data involved electrocardiogram (ECG) heart rate variability (HRV) and questionnaire data. 1,089 participant’s data of ECG recordings of healthy resting state HRV were recorded and grouped into age categories. In addition to this, another 224 participants completed an online survey which included the following questionnaires: Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS); Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20 (TAS-20); Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQII); Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DAS21); Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Scale (MAIA); and the self-as-context scale (SAC). Results: HRV was shown to decrease with age when controlling for BMI and gender. In the two SEM models produced, it was found that OCD and alexithymia were causally associated to autism and depression indirectly through psychological inflexibility, SAC and ISen interoception. Conclusion: Results are discussed in relation to limitations of the DSM with its categorical focus of protocols for syndromes and provides support for more flexible ideographic approaches in diagnosing and treating mental health and autism within the Extended Evolutionary Meta Model (EEMM). Graph theory approaches are discussed in their capacity to depict processes of change potentially even at the level of the relational frame. Journal Article Frontiers in Psychology 13 Frontiers Media SA 1664-1078 autism (ASD), alexithymia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), structural equation model (SEM), graph theory, psychological flexibility 6 9 2022 2022-09-06 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.993381 COLLEGE NANME Public Health COLLEGE CODE PHAC Swansea University 2023-09-13T15:03:40.0599426 2022-08-07T00:32:48.5489101 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Health and Social Care - Public Health Darren Edwards 0000-0002-2143-1198 1 60770__25828__6ffdc440aa4b4067af2b1d04366b3aaf.pdf 60770.pdf 2022-11-18T13:19:48.8139922 Output 1905894 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2022 Edwards. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 116 Darren Edwards 0000-0002-2143-1198 d.j.edwards@swansea.ac.uk false 4
title Going beyond the DSM in predicting, diagnosing, and treating autism spectrum disorder with covarying alexithymia and OCD: A structural equation model and process-based predictive coding account
spellingShingle Going beyond the DSM in predicting, diagnosing, and treating autism spectrum disorder with covarying alexithymia and OCD: A structural equation model and process-based predictive coding account
Darren Edwards
title_short Going beyond the DSM in predicting, diagnosing, and treating autism spectrum disorder with covarying alexithymia and OCD: A structural equation model and process-based predictive coding account
title_full Going beyond the DSM in predicting, diagnosing, and treating autism spectrum disorder with covarying alexithymia and OCD: A structural equation model and process-based predictive coding account
title_fullStr Going beyond the DSM in predicting, diagnosing, and treating autism spectrum disorder with covarying alexithymia and OCD: A structural equation model and process-based predictive coding account
title_full_unstemmed Going beyond the DSM in predicting, diagnosing, and treating autism spectrum disorder with covarying alexithymia and OCD: A structural equation model and process-based predictive coding account
title_sort Going beyond the DSM in predicting, diagnosing, and treating autism spectrum disorder with covarying alexithymia and OCD: A structural equation model and process-based predictive coding account
author_id_str_mv bee507022c083d875238b7802b96cbeb
author_id_fullname_str_mv bee507022c083d875238b7802b96cbeb_***_Darren Edwards
author Darren Edwards
author2 Darren Edwards
format Journal article
container_title Frontiers in Psychology
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publishDate 2022
institution Swansea University
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publisher Frontiers Media SA
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
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hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str School of Health and Social Care - Public Health{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Health and Social Care - Public Health
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description Background: There is much overlap between the symptomology of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), and alexithymia, which all typically involve impaired social interactions, repetitive impulsive behaviors, problems with communication, and mental health. Aim: To identify direct and indirect associations between alexithymia, OCD, cardiac interoception, psychological inflexibility, and self-as-context, with the DVs ASD and depression, whilst controlling for vagal related aging. Methodology: The data involved electrocardiogram (ECG) heart rate variability (HRV) and questionnaire data. 1,089 participant’s data of ECG recordings of healthy resting state HRV were recorded and grouped into age categories. In addition to this, another 224 participants completed an online survey which included the following questionnaires: Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS); Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20 (TAS-20); Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQII); Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DAS21); Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Scale (MAIA); and the self-as-context scale (SAC). Results: HRV was shown to decrease with age when controlling for BMI and gender. In the two SEM models produced, it was found that OCD and alexithymia were causally associated to autism and depression indirectly through psychological inflexibility, SAC and ISen interoception. Conclusion: Results are discussed in relation to limitations of the DSM with its categorical focus of protocols for syndromes and provides support for more flexible ideographic approaches in diagnosing and treating mental health and autism within the Extended Evolutionary Meta Model (EEMM). Graph theory approaches are discussed in their capacity to depict processes of change potentially even at the level of the relational frame.
published_date 2022-09-06T15:03:41Z
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