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The Effect of Parietal Glutamate/GABA Balance on Test Anxiety Levels in Early Childhood in a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study

George Zacharopoulos, Francesco Sella, Kathrin Cohen Kadosh, Uzay Emir, Roi Cohen Kadosh

Cerebral Cortex, Volume: 32, Issue: 15, Pages: 3243 - 3253

Swansea University Author: George Zacharopoulos

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DOI (Published version): 10.1093/cercor/bhab412

Abstract

The increased prevalence of test anxiety in our competitive society makes it a health issue of public concern. However, its neurobiological basis, especially during the years of formal education, is currently scant. Previous research has highlighted the association between neural excitation/inhibiti...

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Published in: Cerebral Cortex
ISSN: 1047-3211 1460-2199
Published: Oxford University Press (OUP) 2021
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa59140
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spelling 2023-01-04T11:38:00.9377073 v2 59140 2022-01-10 The Effect of Parietal Glutamate/GABA Balance on Test Anxiety Levels in Early Childhood in a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study 7abcfe5e6fd29d20e2c53eff9a4098d1 George Zacharopoulos George Zacharopoulos true false 2022-01-10 HPS The increased prevalence of test anxiety in our competitive society makes it a health issue of public concern. However, its neurobiological basis, especially during the years of formal education, is currently scant. Previous research has highlighted the association between neural excitation/inhibition balance and psychopathology and disease. We examined whether the glutamate/GABA profile tracks test anxiety levels in development, using a cross-sectional and longitudinal design in a cohort spanning from early childhood to early adulthood (N = 289), reassessed approximately 21 months later (N = 194). We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to noninvasively quantify glutamate and gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the middle frontal gyrus. We show that the glutamate/GABA balance within the IPS relates to current individual variation in test anxiety levels and predict future test anxiety approximately 21 months later. Critically, this relationship was observed during early childhood but not during the later developmental stages. Our results extend the use of the excitation/inhibition balance framework to characterize the psychopathology mechanisms of test anxiety, an underexplored yet widespread and debilitating condition that can impact early child development. Our findings provide a better understanding of the neurotransmitter basis underlying the emergence of anxiety disorders during development. Journal Article Cerebral Cortex 32 15 3243 3253 Oxford University Press (OUP) 1047-3211 1460-2199 development, glutamate/GABA balance, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, test anxiety 29 12 2021 2021-12-29 10.1093/cercor/bhab412 COLLEGE NANME Psychology COLLEGE CODE HPS Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging Grant: 203139/Z/16/Z; European Research Council Grant: 338065 2023-01-04T11:38:00.9377073 2022-01-10T16:08:20.0315667 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Psychology George Zacharopoulos 1 Francesco Sella 2 Kathrin Cohen Kadosh 3 Uzay Emir 4 Roi Cohen Kadosh 5 59140__22102__1be20555ae8c464bad79737b6d3355fb.pdf 59140.pdf 2022-01-10T16:10:24.2204597 Output 575156 application/pdf Version of Record true © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title The Effect of Parietal Glutamate/GABA Balance on Test Anxiety Levels in Early Childhood in a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
spellingShingle The Effect of Parietal Glutamate/GABA Balance on Test Anxiety Levels in Early Childhood in a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
George Zacharopoulos
title_short The Effect of Parietal Glutamate/GABA Balance on Test Anxiety Levels in Early Childhood in a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
title_full The Effect of Parietal Glutamate/GABA Balance on Test Anxiety Levels in Early Childhood in a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
title_fullStr The Effect of Parietal Glutamate/GABA Balance on Test Anxiety Levels in Early Childhood in a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
title_full_unstemmed The Effect of Parietal Glutamate/GABA Balance on Test Anxiety Levels in Early Childhood in a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
title_sort The Effect of Parietal Glutamate/GABA Balance on Test Anxiety Levels in Early Childhood in a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
author_id_str_mv 7abcfe5e6fd29d20e2c53eff9a4098d1
author_id_fullname_str_mv 7abcfe5e6fd29d20e2c53eff9a4098d1_***_George Zacharopoulos
author George Zacharopoulos
author2 George Zacharopoulos
Francesco Sella
Kathrin Cohen Kadosh
Uzay Emir
Roi Cohen Kadosh
format Journal article
container_title Cerebral Cortex
container_volume 32
container_issue 15
container_start_page 3243
publishDate 2021
institution Swansea University
issn 1047-3211
1460-2199
doi_str_mv 10.1093/cercor/bhab412
publisher Oxford University Press (OUP)
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str School of Psychology{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Psychology
document_store_str 1
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description The increased prevalence of test anxiety in our competitive society makes it a health issue of public concern. However, its neurobiological basis, especially during the years of formal education, is currently scant. Previous research has highlighted the association between neural excitation/inhibition balance and psychopathology and disease. We examined whether the glutamate/GABA profile tracks test anxiety levels in development, using a cross-sectional and longitudinal design in a cohort spanning from early childhood to early adulthood (N = 289), reassessed approximately 21 months later (N = 194). We used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to noninvasively quantify glutamate and gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the middle frontal gyrus. We show that the glutamate/GABA balance within the IPS relates to current individual variation in test anxiety levels and predict future test anxiety approximately 21 months later. Critically, this relationship was observed during early childhood but not during the later developmental stages. Our results extend the use of the excitation/inhibition balance framework to characterize the psychopathology mechanisms of test anxiety, an underexplored yet widespread and debilitating condition that can impact early child development. Our findings provide a better understanding of the neurotransmitter basis underlying the emergence of anxiety disorders during development.
published_date 2021-12-29T04:16:13Z
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