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The effects of sex and outcome expectancies on perceptions of sexual harassment

Shonagh White, Andrew Thomas Orcid Logo, Jason Davies Orcid Logo

PLOS ONE, Volume: 16, Issue: 12, Start page: e0261409

Swansea University Authors: Shonagh White, Andrew Thomas Orcid Logo, Jason Davies Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1371/journal.pone.0261409

Abstract

Using an outcome expectancy framework, this research sought to understand sex differences in the underlying beliefs that influence harassment perception. One hundred and ninety-six participants (52% women) read a series of vignettes depicting common examples of digital male-on-female sexual harassme...

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Published in: PLOS ONE
ISSN: 1932-6203
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
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fullrecord <?xml version="1.0"?><rfc1807><datestamp>2022-01-12T15:17:35.4173941</datestamp><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>58948</id><entry>2021-12-07</entry><title>The effects of sex and outcome expectancies on perceptions of sexual harassment</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>fd945f8b1a0570a1293acb6fdf36b781</sid><firstname>Shonagh</firstname><surname>White</surname><name>Shonagh White</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author><author><sid>a43308ae6d7f5b8d5ab0daff5b832a96</sid><ORCID>0000-0001-5251-7923</ORCID><firstname>Andrew</firstname><surname>Thomas</surname><name>Andrew Thomas</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author><author><sid>b7dab4136f5c9c0614cda9bf2d5910b0</sid><ORCID>0000-0002-1694-5370</ORCID><firstname>Jason</firstname><surname>Davies</surname><name>Jason Davies</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2021-12-07</date><deptcode>HPS</deptcode><abstract>Using an outcome expectancy framework, this research sought to understand sex differences in the underlying beliefs that influence harassment perception. One hundred and ninety-six participants (52% women) read a series of vignettes depicting common examples of digital male-on-female sexual harassment. They were asked to what extent they thought each scenario constituted sexual harassment, and how likely the perpetrator would experience positive and negative outcomes. Consistent with predictions, women were more likely to consider the behaviours as harassment than men were. Both sexes harassment perceptions had significant relationships with their outcome expectancies, but we also found evidence of a sex specific moderation; the link between men&#x2019;s negative outcome expectancies was moderated by their positive ones. The results suggest that perceptions of harassment may have sexually asymmetrical underpinnings. Measuring the interplay between positive and negative outcome expectancies in relation to sexual harassment perception is a novel approach, that may have implications for the development of anti-sexual harassment interventions. Implications for theory and future research directions are discussed.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>PLOS ONE</journal><volume>16</volume><journalNumber>12</journalNumber><paginationStart>e0261409</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic>1932-6203</issnElectronic><keywords/><publishedDay>15</publishedDay><publishedMonth>12</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2021</publishedYear><publishedDate>2021-12-15</publishedDate><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0261409</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Psychology</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>HPS</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal)</apcterm><funders>This work was funded collaboratively by the Welsh Government and KESS 2. Knowledge Economy Skills Scholarships (KESS 2) is a pan-Wales higher level skills initiative led by Bangor University on behalf of the HE sector in Wales. It is part funded by the Welsh Government''s European Social Fund (ESF) convergence programme for West Wales and the Valleys (ESF; https://ec.europa.eu/esf/home.jspcatId=45&amp;langId=en). The European Union''s Convergence programme was administered by the Welsh Government (grant code EGR 0817-100 / EGR9818-100, awarded to SL). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. There was no additional external funding received for this study.</funders><lastEdited>2022-01-12T15:17:35.4173941</lastEdited><Created>2021-12-07T12:28:37.6509733</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences</level><level id="2">School of Psychology</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Shonagh</firstname><surname>White</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Andrew</firstname><surname>Thomas</surname><orcid>0000-0001-5251-7923</orcid><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Jason</firstname><surname>Davies</surname><orcid>0000-0002-1694-5370</orcid><order>3</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>58948__21964__2b44cd25ebcf4371aed0d4f27ec62f29.pdf</filename><originalFilename>58948.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2021-12-30T13:06:04.1573338</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>661532</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>&#xA9; 2021 Leigh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language><licence>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</licence></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2022-01-12T15:17:35.4173941 v2 58948 2021-12-07 The effects of sex and outcome expectancies on perceptions of sexual harassment fd945f8b1a0570a1293acb6fdf36b781 Shonagh White Shonagh White true false a43308ae6d7f5b8d5ab0daff5b832a96 0000-0001-5251-7923 Andrew Thomas Andrew Thomas true false b7dab4136f5c9c0614cda9bf2d5910b0 0000-0002-1694-5370 Jason Davies Jason Davies true false 2021-12-07 HPS Using an outcome expectancy framework, this research sought to understand sex differences in the underlying beliefs that influence harassment perception. One hundred and ninety-six participants (52% women) read a series of vignettes depicting common examples of digital male-on-female sexual harassment. They were asked to what extent they thought each scenario constituted sexual harassment, and how likely the perpetrator would experience positive and negative outcomes. Consistent with predictions, women were more likely to consider the behaviours as harassment than men were. Both sexes harassment perceptions had significant relationships with their outcome expectancies, but we also found evidence of a sex specific moderation; the link between men’s negative outcome expectancies was moderated by their positive ones. The results suggest that perceptions of harassment may have sexually asymmetrical underpinnings. Measuring the interplay between positive and negative outcome expectancies in relation to sexual harassment perception is a novel approach, that may have implications for the development of anti-sexual harassment interventions. Implications for theory and future research directions are discussed. Journal Article PLOS ONE 16 12 e0261409 Public Library of Science (PLoS) 1932-6203 15 12 2021 2021-12-15 10.1371/journal.pone.0261409 COLLEGE NANME Psychology COLLEGE CODE HPS Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) This work was funded collaboratively by the Welsh Government and KESS 2. Knowledge Economy Skills Scholarships (KESS 2) is a pan-Wales higher level skills initiative led by Bangor University on behalf of the HE sector in Wales. It is part funded by the Welsh Government''s European Social Fund (ESF) convergence programme for West Wales and the Valleys (ESF; https://ec.europa.eu/esf/home.jspcatId=45&langId=en). The European Union''s Convergence programme was administered by the Welsh Government (grant code EGR 0817-100 / EGR9818-100, awarded to SL). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. There was no additional external funding received for this study. 2022-01-12T15:17:35.4173941 2021-12-07T12:28:37.6509733 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Psychology Shonagh White 1 Andrew Thomas 0000-0001-5251-7923 2 Jason Davies 0000-0002-1694-5370 3 58948__21964__2b44cd25ebcf4371aed0d4f27ec62f29.pdf 58948.pdf 2021-12-30T13:06:04.1573338 Output 661532 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2021 Leigh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title The effects of sex and outcome expectancies on perceptions of sexual harassment
spellingShingle The effects of sex and outcome expectancies on perceptions of sexual harassment
Shonagh White
Andrew Thomas
Jason Davies
title_short The effects of sex and outcome expectancies on perceptions of sexual harassment
title_full The effects of sex and outcome expectancies on perceptions of sexual harassment
title_fullStr The effects of sex and outcome expectancies on perceptions of sexual harassment
title_full_unstemmed The effects of sex and outcome expectancies on perceptions of sexual harassment
title_sort The effects of sex and outcome expectancies on perceptions of sexual harassment
author_id_str_mv fd945f8b1a0570a1293acb6fdf36b781
a43308ae6d7f5b8d5ab0daff5b832a96
b7dab4136f5c9c0614cda9bf2d5910b0
author_id_fullname_str_mv fd945f8b1a0570a1293acb6fdf36b781_***_Shonagh White
a43308ae6d7f5b8d5ab0daff5b832a96_***_Andrew Thomas
b7dab4136f5c9c0614cda9bf2d5910b0_***_Jason Davies
author Shonagh White
Andrew Thomas
Jason Davies
author2 Shonagh White
Andrew Thomas
Jason Davies
format Journal article
container_title PLOS ONE
container_volume 16
container_issue 12
container_start_page e0261409
publishDate 2021
institution Swansea University
issn 1932-6203
doi_str_mv 10.1371/journal.pone.0261409
publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str School of Psychology{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Psychology
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description Using an outcome expectancy framework, this research sought to understand sex differences in the underlying beliefs that influence harassment perception. One hundred and ninety-six participants (52% women) read a series of vignettes depicting common examples of digital male-on-female sexual harassment. They were asked to what extent they thought each scenario constituted sexual harassment, and how likely the perpetrator would experience positive and negative outcomes. Consistent with predictions, women were more likely to consider the behaviours as harassment than men were. Both sexes harassment perceptions had significant relationships with their outcome expectancies, but we also found evidence of a sex specific moderation; the link between men’s negative outcome expectancies was moderated by their positive ones. The results suggest that perceptions of harassment may have sexually asymmetrical underpinnings. Measuring the interplay between positive and negative outcome expectancies in relation to sexual harassment perception is a novel approach, that may have implications for the development of anti-sexual harassment interventions. Implications for theory and future research directions are discussed.
published_date 2021-12-15T04:15:52Z
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