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Timing of parental depression on risk of child depression and poor educational outcomes: A population based routine data cohort study from Born in Wales, UK

Sinead Brophy Orcid Logo, Charlotte Todd Orcid Logo, Muhammad A. Rahman, Tash Kennedy Kennedy, Frances Rice

PLOS ONE, Volume: 16, Issue: 11, Start page: e0258966

Swansea University Authors: Sinead Brophy Orcid Logo, Charlotte Todd Orcid Logo, Tash Kennedy Kennedy

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DOI (Published version): 10.1371/journal.pone.0258966

Abstract

Background: Maternal depression is a risk factor for depression in children, though the influence of paternal depression has been less well examined. We examined the association between maternal and paternal depression, and the timing of their depression (before or after the child’s birth) and outco...

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ISSN: 1932-6203
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
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We examined the association between maternal and paternal depression, and the timing of their depression (before or after the child&#x2019;s birth) and outcomes for the child including incidence of child depression and poor educational attainment. Methods: A linked routine data cohort study linking General Practitioner(GP), hospital and education records of young people (aged 0 to 30 years) in Wales. Parental and child diagnosis of depression was identified from GP data. Regression analysis examined the association of maternal and paternal depression with time to diagnosis of depression in the child and odds of attaining educational milestones. Outcomes: In adjusted models, the relative risk of offspring developing depression was 1.22 if the mother had depression before the child was born, 1.55 if the mother had depression after the child was born and 1.73 if she had depression both before and after the child was born (chronic depression), compared to those were there was no maternal depression history. For achieving milestones at end of primary school, odds were 0.92, 0.88 and 0.79 respectively. Association of depression in the child was similar if the male living in the household had depression with risk ratios of 1.24 (before), 1.43 (after) and 1.27 (before and after) for child diagnosed depression and 0.85, 0.79 and 0.74 for achieving age 11 milestones. Interpretation: Children who live with a parent who has depression are more likely to develop depression and not achieve educational milestones, compared to children who live with a parent who has a history of depression (but no active depression in child&#x2019;s lifetime) and compared to those with no depression. This finding suggests that working closely with families where depression (particularly chronic depression) is present in either parent and treating parental depression to remission is likely to have long-term benefits for children&#x2019;s mental health and educational attainment.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>PLOS ONE</journal><volume>16</volume><journalNumber>11</journalNumber><paginationStart>e0258966</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic>1932-6203</issnElectronic><keywords>Medicine and health sciences, People and places, Social sciences, Biology and life sciences</keywords><publishedDay>17</publishedDay><publishedMonth>11</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2021</publishedYear><publishedDate>2021-11-17</publishedDate><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0258966</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Health Data Science</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>HDAT</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><lastEdited>2021-12-07T11:32:48.6450111</lastEdited><Created>2021-11-22T10:26:48.4641789</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences</level><level id="2">Swansea University Medical School - Medicine</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Sinead</firstname><surname>Brophy</surname><orcid>0000-0001-7417-2858</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Charlotte</firstname><surname>Todd</surname><orcid>0000-0002-3183-2403</orcid><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Muhammad A.</firstname><surname>Rahman</surname><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Tash Kennedy</firstname><surname>Kennedy</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Frances</firstname><surname>Rice</surname><order>5</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>58728__21614__b833a894fdc84812976cdb232b84fd05.pdf</filename><originalFilename>pone.0258966.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2021-11-22T10:26:48.4641097</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>982697</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>&#xA9; 2021 Brophy et al. 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spelling 2021-12-07T11:32:48.6450111 v2 58728 2021-11-22 Timing of parental depression on risk of child depression and poor educational outcomes: A population based routine data cohort study from Born in Wales, UK 84f5661b35a729f55047f9e793d8798b 0000-0001-7417-2858 Sinead Brophy Sinead Brophy true false 74c92c91e05d8cb8de38e27de34c9194 0000-0002-3183-2403 Charlotte Todd Charlotte Todd true false 3f6f07de33204db4c0ab665fb4b36367 Tash Kennedy Kennedy Tash Kennedy Kennedy true false 2021-11-22 HDAT Background: Maternal depression is a risk factor for depression in children, though the influence of paternal depression has been less well examined. We examined the association between maternal and paternal depression, and the timing of their depression (before or after the child’s birth) and outcomes for the child including incidence of child depression and poor educational attainment. Methods: A linked routine data cohort study linking General Practitioner(GP), hospital and education records of young people (aged 0 to 30 years) in Wales. Parental and child diagnosis of depression was identified from GP data. Regression analysis examined the association of maternal and paternal depression with time to diagnosis of depression in the child and odds of attaining educational milestones. Outcomes: In adjusted models, the relative risk of offspring developing depression was 1.22 if the mother had depression before the child was born, 1.55 if the mother had depression after the child was born and 1.73 if she had depression both before and after the child was born (chronic depression), compared to those were there was no maternal depression history. For achieving milestones at end of primary school, odds were 0.92, 0.88 and 0.79 respectively. Association of depression in the child was similar if the male living in the household had depression with risk ratios of 1.24 (before), 1.43 (after) and 1.27 (before and after) for child diagnosed depression and 0.85, 0.79 and 0.74 for achieving age 11 milestones. Interpretation: Children who live with a parent who has depression are more likely to develop depression and not achieve educational milestones, compared to children who live with a parent who has a history of depression (but no active depression in child’s lifetime) and compared to those with no depression. This finding suggests that working closely with families where depression (particularly chronic depression) is present in either parent and treating parental depression to remission is likely to have long-term benefits for children’s mental health and educational attainment. Journal Article PLOS ONE 16 11 e0258966 Public Library of Science (PLoS) 1932-6203 Medicine and health sciences, People and places, Social sciences, Biology and life sciences 17 11 2021 2021-11-17 10.1371/journal.pone.0258966 COLLEGE NANME Health Data Science COLLEGE CODE HDAT Swansea University 2021-12-07T11:32:48.6450111 2021-11-22T10:26:48.4641789 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Swansea University Medical School - Medicine Sinead Brophy 0000-0001-7417-2858 1 Charlotte Todd 0000-0002-3183-2403 2 Muhammad A. Rahman 3 Tash Kennedy Kennedy 4 Frances Rice 5 58728__21614__b833a894fdc84812976cdb232b84fd05.pdf pone.0258966.pdf 2021-11-22T10:26:48.4641097 Output 982697 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2021 Brophy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Timing of parental depression on risk of child depression and poor educational outcomes: A population based routine data cohort study from Born in Wales, UK
spellingShingle Timing of parental depression on risk of child depression and poor educational outcomes: A population based routine data cohort study from Born in Wales, UK
Sinead Brophy
Charlotte Todd
Tash Kennedy Kennedy
title_short Timing of parental depression on risk of child depression and poor educational outcomes: A population based routine data cohort study from Born in Wales, UK
title_full Timing of parental depression on risk of child depression and poor educational outcomes: A population based routine data cohort study from Born in Wales, UK
title_fullStr Timing of parental depression on risk of child depression and poor educational outcomes: A population based routine data cohort study from Born in Wales, UK
title_full_unstemmed Timing of parental depression on risk of child depression and poor educational outcomes: A population based routine data cohort study from Born in Wales, UK
title_sort Timing of parental depression on risk of child depression and poor educational outcomes: A population based routine data cohort study from Born in Wales, UK
author_id_str_mv 84f5661b35a729f55047f9e793d8798b
74c92c91e05d8cb8de38e27de34c9194
3f6f07de33204db4c0ab665fb4b36367
author_id_fullname_str_mv 84f5661b35a729f55047f9e793d8798b_***_Sinead Brophy
74c92c91e05d8cb8de38e27de34c9194_***_Charlotte Todd
3f6f07de33204db4c0ab665fb4b36367_***_Tash Kennedy Kennedy
author Sinead Brophy
Charlotte Todd
Tash Kennedy Kennedy
author2 Sinead Brophy
Charlotte Todd
Muhammad A. Rahman
Tash Kennedy Kennedy
Frances Rice
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container_title PLOS ONE
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publishDate 2021
institution Swansea University
issn 1932-6203
doi_str_mv 10.1371/journal.pone.0258966
publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str Swansea University Medical School - Medicine{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Swansea University Medical School - Medicine
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description Background: Maternal depression is a risk factor for depression in children, though the influence of paternal depression has been less well examined. We examined the association between maternal and paternal depression, and the timing of their depression (before or after the child’s birth) and outcomes for the child including incidence of child depression and poor educational attainment. Methods: A linked routine data cohort study linking General Practitioner(GP), hospital and education records of young people (aged 0 to 30 years) in Wales. Parental and child diagnosis of depression was identified from GP data. Regression analysis examined the association of maternal and paternal depression with time to diagnosis of depression in the child and odds of attaining educational milestones. Outcomes: In adjusted models, the relative risk of offspring developing depression was 1.22 if the mother had depression before the child was born, 1.55 if the mother had depression after the child was born and 1.73 if she had depression both before and after the child was born (chronic depression), compared to those were there was no maternal depression history. For achieving milestones at end of primary school, odds were 0.92, 0.88 and 0.79 respectively. Association of depression in the child was similar if the male living in the household had depression with risk ratios of 1.24 (before), 1.43 (after) and 1.27 (before and after) for child diagnosed depression and 0.85, 0.79 and 0.74 for achieving age 11 milestones. Interpretation: Children who live with a parent who has depression are more likely to develop depression and not achieve educational milestones, compared to children who live with a parent who has a history of depression (but no active depression in child’s lifetime) and compared to those with no depression. This finding suggests that working closely with families where depression (particularly chronic depression) is present in either parent and treating parental depression to remission is likely to have long-term benefits for children’s mental health and educational attainment.
published_date 2021-11-17T04:15:29Z
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