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Investigating the effect of sex, maturity, training status, and physical activity on performance and health-related parameters in children, adolescents, and adults / ADAM RUNACRES

Swansea University Author: ADAM RUNACRES

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DOI (Published version): 10.23889/SUthesis.58683

Abstract

In 2018, 48% of young people in Wales engaged in sport ≥3 times a week. However, questions remain regarding the influence of sex and maturation on aerobic and anaerobic trainability. Indeed, many earlier studies failed to appropriately account for physical activity (PA), confounding the interpretati...

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Published: Swansea 2021
Institution: Swansea University
Degree level: Doctoral
Degree name: Ph.D
Supervisor: McNarry, Melitta A. ; Mackintosh, Kelly A.
URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa58683
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first_indexed 2021-11-16T17:00:59Z
last_indexed 2021-11-18T04:28:24Z
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fullrecord <?xml version="1.0"?><rfc1807><datestamp>2021-11-17T20:40:41.8090947</datestamp><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>58683</id><entry>2021-11-16</entry><title>Investigating the effect of sex, maturity, training status, and physical activity on performance and health-related parameters in children, adolescents, and adults</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>2f33f123b56d7837c868439baeca75fe</sid><firstname>ADAM</firstname><surname>RUNACRES</surname><name>ADAM RUNACRES</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2021-11-16</date><abstract>In 2018, 48% of young people in Wales engaged in sport &#x2265;3 times a week. However, questions remain regarding the influence of sex and maturation on aerobic and anaerobic trainability. Indeed, many earlier studies failed to appropriately account for physical activity (PA), confounding the interpretation of training per se. Moreover, there is a paucity of literature examining the long-term effects of training. Chapter 4 revealed that, irrespective of maturity, trained youth had a higher maximal oxygen uptake (V&#x307; O2max) than their untrained counterparts but, importantly, the magnitude of training-related difference was higher in girls than boys. Given the well-established sex-differences in the decline of PA levels with age, Chapter 5 explored the role of PA on V&#x307; O2max using compositional analyses. This demonstrated that, for the same change in PA, girls had a greater predicted change in absolute, and scaled, &#x307; O2max. As the trainability, and kinetic determinants, of sprint performance have received little attention compared to aerobic fitness in youth, this was explored in Chapters 6 and 7. In Chapter 6, training was associated with a greater peak power and force, depending on maturity, with only post-pubertal participants demonstrating significant increases in performance. Using a repeated sprint protocol, mechanical efficiency was found to be more important than absolute force production for performance in Chapter 7, highlighting key training targets. Finally, using a narrative review and meta-analytical approach, Chapter 8 found significant inter-sport differences in all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality in former elite athletes, suggesting that sport type influences the long-term effects of training. Overall, this thesis highlights the distinct determinants of aerobic and anaerobic performance, with sex and maturity exerting different, and independent, effects. Moreover, the paucity of data available in girls was highlighted, with conclusions regarding the long-term effects of training in females largely precluded.</abstract><type>E-Thesis</type><journal/><volume/><journalNumber/><paginationStart/><paginationEnd/><publisher/><placeOfPublication>Swansea</placeOfPublication><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic/><keywords>Growth, Maturation, V&#x307;O2max, Health, Physical Activity</keywords><publishedDay>16</publishedDay><publishedMonth>11</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2021</publishedYear><publishedDate>2021-11-16</publishedDate><doi>10.23889/SUthesis.58683</doi><url/><notes>ORCiD identifier https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-2805</notes><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><supervisor>McNarry, Melitta A. ; Mackintosh, Kelly A.</supervisor><degreelevel>Doctoral</degreelevel><degreename>Ph.D</degreename><degreesponsorsfunders>Sport Wales</degreesponsorsfunders><apcterm/><lastEdited>2021-11-17T20:40:41.8090947</lastEdited><Created>2021-11-16T16:58:40.2347570</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised</level></path><authors><author><firstname>ADAM</firstname><surname>RUNACRES</surname><order>1</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>58683__21558__eff739fbdf0643e7a0f378b82f601635.pdf</filename><originalFilename>Runacres_Adam_PhD_Thesis_Final_Redacted_Signature.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2021-11-17T20:23:35.3285130</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>5487932</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>E-Thesis &#x2013; open access</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>Copyright: The author, Adam W. H. Runacres, 2021.</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2021-11-17T20:40:41.8090947 v2 58683 2021-11-16 Investigating the effect of sex, maturity, training status, and physical activity on performance and health-related parameters in children, adolescents, and adults 2f33f123b56d7837c868439baeca75fe ADAM RUNACRES ADAM RUNACRES true false 2021-11-16 In 2018, 48% of young people in Wales engaged in sport ≥3 times a week. However, questions remain regarding the influence of sex and maturation on aerobic and anaerobic trainability. Indeed, many earlier studies failed to appropriately account for physical activity (PA), confounding the interpretation of training per se. Moreover, there is a paucity of literature examining the long-term effects of training. Chapter 4 revealed that, irrespective of maturity, trained youth had a higher maximal oxygen uptake (V̇ O2max) than their untrained counterparts but, importantly, the magnitude of training-related difference was higher in girls than boys. Given the well-established sex-differences in the decline of PA levels with age, Chapter 5 explored the role of PA on V̇ O2max using compositional analyses. This demonstrated that, for the same change in PA, girls had a greater predicted change in absolute, and scaled, ̇ O2max. As the trainability, and kinetic determinants, of sprint performance have received little attention compared to aerobic fitness in youth, this was explored in Chapters 6 and 7. In Chapter 6, training was associated with a greater peak power and force, depending on maturity, with only post-pubertal participants demonstrating significant increases in performance. Using a repeated sprint protocol, mechanical efficiency was found to be more important than absolute force production for performance in Chapter 7, highlighting key training targets. Finally, using a narrative review and meta-analytical approach, Chapter 8 found significant inter-sport differences in all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality in former elite athletes, suggesting that sport type influences the long-term effects of training. Overall, this thesis highlights the distinct determinants of aerobic and anaerobic performance, with sex and maturity exerting different, and independent, effects. Moreover, the paucity of data available in girls was highlighted, with conclusions regarding the long-term effects of training in females largely precluded. E-Thesis Swansea Growth, Maturation, V̇O2max, Health, Physical Activity 16 11 2021 2021-11-16 10.23889/SUthesis.58683 ORCiD identifier https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-2805 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University McNarry, Melitta A. ; Mackintosh, Kelly A. Doctoral Ph.D Sport Wales 2021-11-17T20:40:41.8090947 2021-11-16T16:58:40.2347570 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised ADAM RUNACRES 1 58683__21558__eff739fbdf0643e7a0f378b82f601635.pdf Runacres_Adam_PhD_Thesis_Final_Redacted_Signature.pdf 2021-11-17T20:23:35.3285130 Output 5487932 application/pdf E-Thesis – open access true Copyright: The author, Adam W. H. Runacres, 2021. true eng
title Investigating the effect of sex, maturity, training status, and physical activity on performance and health-related parameters in children, adolescents, and adults
spellingShingle Investigating the effect of sex, maturity, training status, and physical activity on performance and health-related parameters in children, adolescents, and adults
ADAM RUNACRES
title_short Investigating the effect of sex, maturity, training status, and physical activity on performance and health-related parameters in children, adolescents, and adults
title_full Investigating the effect of sex, maturity, training status, and physical activity on performance and health-related parameters in children, adolescents, and adults
title_fullStr Investigating the effect of sex, maturity, training status, and physical activity on performance and health-related parameters in children, adolescents, and adults
title_full_unstemmed Investigating the effect of sex, maturity, training status, and physical activity on performance and health-related parameters in children, adolescents, and adults
title_sort Investigating the effect of sex, maturity, training status, and physical activity on performance and health-related parameters in children, adolescents, and adults
author_id_str_mv 2f33f123b56d7837c868439baeca75fe
author_id_fullname_str_mv 2f33f123b56d7837c868439baeca75fe_***_ADAM RUNACRES
author ADAM RUNACRES
author2 ADAM RUNACRES
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publishDate 2021
institution Swansea University
doi_str_mv 10.23889/SUthesis.58683
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised
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description In 2018, 48% of young people in Wales engaged in sport ≥3 times a week. However, questions remain regarding the influence of sex and maturation on aerobic and anaerobic trainability. Indeed, many earlier studies failed to appropriately account for physical activity (PA), confounding the interpretation of training per se. Moreover, there is a paucity of literature examining the long-term effects of training. Chapter 4 revealed that, irrespective of maturity, trained youth had a higher maximal oxygen uptake (V̇ O2max) than their untrained counterparts but, importantly, the magnitude of training-related difference was higher in girls than boys. Given the well-established sex-differences in the decline of PA levels with age, Chapter 5 explored the role of PA on V̇ O2max using compositional analyses. This demonstrated that, for the same change in PA, girls had a greater predicted change in absolute, and scaled, ̇ O2max. As the trainability, and kinetic determinants, of sprint performance have received little attention compared to aerobic fitness in youth, this was explored in Chapters 6 and 7. In Chapter 6, training was associated with a greater peak power and force, depending on maturity, with only post-pubertal participants demonstrating significant increases in performance. Using a repeated sprint protocol, mechanical efficiency was found to be more important than absolute force production for performance in Chapter 7, highlighting key training targets. Finally, using a narrative review and meta-analytical approach, Chapter 8 found significant inter-sport differences in all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality in former elite athletes, suggesting that sport type influences the long-term effects of training. Overall, this thesis highlights the distinct determinants of aerobic and anaerobic performance, with sex and maturity exerting different, and independent, effects. Moreover, the paucity of data available in girls was highlighted, with conclusions regarding the long-term effects of training in females largely precluded.
published_date 2021-11-16T04:15:24Z
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