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Coastal wetlands mitigate storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries

Tom Fairchild Orcid Logo, William Bennett Orcid Logo, Greg Smith, Brett Day, Martin W Skov, Iris Möller, Nicola Beaumont, Harshinie Karunarathna Orcid Logo, John Griffin Orcid Logo

Environmental Research Letters, Volume: 16, Issue: 7, Start page: 074034

Swansea University Authors: Tom Fairchild Orcid Logo, William Bennett Orcid Logo, Harshinie Karunarathna Orcid Logo, John Griffin Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1088/1748-9326/ac0c45

Abstract

As storm-driven coastal flooding increases under climate change, wetlands such as saltmarshes are held as a nature-based solution. Yet evidence supporting wetlands' storm protection role in estuaries—where both waves and upstream surge drive coastal flooding—remains scarce. Here we address this...

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Published in: Environmental Research Letters
ISSN: 1748-9326
Published: IOP Publishing 2021
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa57175
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Yet evidence supporting wetlands' storm protection role in estuaries&#x2014;where both waves and upstream surge drive coastal flooding&#x2014;remains scarce. Here we address this gap using numerical hydrodynamic models within eight contextually diverse estuaries, simulating storms of varying intensity and coupling flood predictions to damage valuation. Saltmarshes reduced flooding across all studied estuaries and particularly for the largest&#x2014;100 year&#x2014;storms, for which they mitigated average flood extents by 35% and damages by 37% ($8.4 M). Across all storm scenarios, wetlands delivered mean annual damage savings of $2.7 M per estuary, exceeding annualised values of better studied wetland services such as carbon storage. Spatial decomposition of processes revealed flood mitigation arose from both localised wave attenuation and estuary-scale surge attenuation, with the latter process dominating: mean flood reductions were 17% in the sheltered top third of estuaries, compared to 8% near wave-exposed estuary mouths. Saltmarshes therefore play a generalised role in mitigating storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries via multi-scale processes. 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spelling 2022-07-25T12:04:21.9575810 v2 57175 2021-06-21 Coastal wetlands mitigate storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries 029ccd52181e00b3711e9234a8d200b7 0000-0001-7133-8824 Tom Fairchild Tom Fairchild true false 02f99b24e395a83ca52f7b85b151b29b 0000-0002-7229-5747 William Bennett William Bennett true false 0d3d327a240d49b53c78e02b7c00e625 0000-0002-9087-3811 Harshinie Karunarathna Harshinie Karunarathna true false 9814fbffa76dd9c9a207166354cd0b2f 0000-0003-3295-6480 John Griffin John Griffin true false 2021-06-21 SBI As storm-driven coastal flooding increases under climate change, wetlands such as saltmarshes are held as a nature-based solution. Yet evidence supporting wetlands' storm protection role in estuaries—where both waves and upstream surge drive coastal flooding—remains scarce. Here we address this gap using numerical hydrodynamic models within eight contextually diverse estuaries, simulating storms of varying intensity and coupling flood predictions to damage valuation. Saltmarshes reduced flooding across all studied estuaries and particularly for the largest—100 year—storms, for which they mitigated average flood extents by 35% and damages by 37% ($8.4 M). Across all storm scenarios, wetlands delivered mean annual damage savings of $2.7 M per estuary, exceeding annualised values of better studied wetland services such as carbon storage. Spatial decomposition of processes revealed flood mitigation arose from both localised wave attenuation and estuary-scale surge attenuation, with the latter process dominating: mean flood reductions were 17% in the sheltered top third of estuaries, compared to 8% near wave-exposed estuary mouths. Saltmarshes therefore play a generalised role in mitigating storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries via multi-scale processes. Ecosystem service modelling must integrate processes operating across scales or risk grossly underestimating the value of nature-based solutions to the growing threat of storm-driven coastal flooding. Journal Article Environmental Research Letters 16 7 074034 IOP Publishing 1748-9326 Saltmarsh; Storm Surge Attenuation; Wave Attenuation; Flood Mitigation; Nature31 based Coastal Protection; Coastal Storms 7 7 2021 2021-07-07 10.1088/1748-9326/ac0c45 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences COLLEGE CODE SBI Swansea University External research funder(s) paid the OA fee (includes OA grants disbursed by the Library) UKRI NE/N013573/1 2022-07-25T12:04:21.9575810 2021-06-21T12:34:17.7954832 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Tom Fairchild 0000-0001-7133-8824 1 William Bennett 0000-0002-7229-5747 2 Greg Smith 3 Brett Day 4 Martin W Skov 5 Iris Möller 6 Nicola Beaumont 7 Harshinie Karunarathna 0000-0002-9087-3811 8 John Griffin 0000-0003-3295-6480 9 57175__20406__b629fc110fca4b98981d0624fc8a2610.pdf 57175.pdf 2021-07-15T09:30:14.9997207 Output 2058407 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2021 The Author(s). Released under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Coastal wetlands mitigate storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries
spellingShingle Coastal wetlands mitigate storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries
Tom Fairchild
William Bennett
Harshinie Karunarathna
John Griffin
title_short Coastal wetlands mitigate storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries
title_full Coastal wetlands mitigate storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries
title_fullStr Coastal wetlands mitigate storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries
title_full_unstemmed Coastal wetlands mitigate storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries
title_sort Coastal wetlands mitigate storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries
author_id_str_mv 029ccd52181e00b3711e9234a8d200b7
02f99b24e395a83ca52f7b85b151b29b
0d3d327a240d49b53c78e02b7c00e625
9814fbffa76dd9c9a207166354cd0b2f
author_id_fullname_str_mv 029ccd52181e00b3711e9234a8d200b7_***_Tom Fairchild
02f99b24e395a83ca52f7b85b151b29b_***_William Bennett
0d3d327a240d49b53c78e02b7c00e625_***_Harshinie Karunarathna
9814fbffa76dd9c9a207166354cd0b2f_***_John Griffin
author Tom Fairchild
William Bennett
Harshinie Karunarathna
John Griffin
author2 Tom Fairchild
William Bennett
Greg Smith
Brett Day
Martin W Skov
Iris Möller
Nicola Beaumont
Harshinie Karunarathna
John Griffin
format Journal article
container_title Environmental Research Letters
container_volume 16
container_issue 7
container_start_page 074034
publishDate 2021
institution Swansea University
issn 1748-9326
doi_str_mv 10.1088/1748-9326/ac0c45
publisher IOP Publishing
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description As storm-driven coastal flooding increases under climate change, wetlands such as saltmarshes are held as a nature-based solution. Yet evidence supporting wetlands' storm protection role in estuaries—where both waves and upstream surge drive coastal flooding—remains scarce. Here we address this gap using numerical hydrodynamic models within eight contextually diverse estuaries, simulating storms of varying intensity and coupling flood predictions to damage valuation. Saltmarshes reduced flooding across all studied estuaries and particularly for the largest—100 year—storms, for which they mitigated average flood extents by 35% and damages by 37% ($8.4 M). Across all storm scenarios, wetlands delivered mean annual damage savings of $2.7 M per estuary, exceeding annualised values of better studied wetland services such as carbon storage. Spatial decomposition of processes revealed flood mitigation arose from both localised wave attenuation and estuary-scale surge attenuation, with the latter process dominating: mean flood reductions were 17% in the sheltered top third of estuaries, compared to 8% near wave-exposed estuary mouths. Saltmarshes therefore play a generalised role in mitigating storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries via multi-scale processes. Ecosystem service modelling must integrate processes operating across scales or risk grossly underestimating the value of nature-based solutions to the growing threat of storm-driven coastal flooding.
published_date 2021-07-07T04:12:42Z
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score 11.037319

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