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Using Soft Polymer Template Engineering of Mesoporous TiO2 Scaffolds to Increase Perovskite Grain Size and Solar Cell Efficiency

Qing Lian, Muhamad Z. Mokhtar, Dongdong Lu, Mingning Zhu, Janet Jacobs, Andrew B. Foster, Andrew G. Thomas, Ben F. Spencer, Shanglin Wu, Chen Liu, Nigel W. Hodson, Benjamin Smith, Abdulaziz Alkaltham, Osama M. Alkhudhari, Trystan Watson Orcid Logo, Brian R. Saunders

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Volume: 12, Issue: 16, Pages: 18578 - 18589

Swansea University Author: Trystan Watson Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1021/acsami.0c02248

Abstract

The mesoporous (meso)-TiO2 layer is a key component of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, pore size controllable meso-TiO2 layers are prepared using spin coating of commercial TiO2 nanoparticle (NP) paste with added soft polymer templates (SPT) followed by removal of the SPT at 5...

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Published in: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
ISSN: 1944-8244 1944-8252
Published: American Chemical Society (ACS) 2020
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa54160
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The SPTs consist of swollen crosslinked polymer colloids (microgels, MGs) or a commercial linear polymer (denoted as LIN). The MGs and LIN were comprised of the same polymer, which was poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm). Large (L-MG) and small (S-MG) MG SPTs were employed to study the effect of the template size. The SPT approach enabled pore size engineering in one deposition step. The SPT/TiO2 nanoparticle films had pore sizes &gt; 100 nm, whereas the average pore size was 37 nm for the control meso-TiO2 scaffold. The largest pore sizes were obtained using L-MG. SPT engineering increased the perovskite grain size in the same order as the SPT sizes: LIN &lt; S-MG &lt; L-MG and these grain sizes were larger than those obtained using the control. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the SPT/TiO2 devices were &#x223C;20% higher than that for the control meso-TiO2 device and the PCE of the champion S-MG device was 18.8%. The PCE improvement is due to the increased grain size and more effective light harvesting of the SPT devices. The increased grain size was also responsible for the improved stability of the SPT/TiO2 devices. The SPT method used here is simple, scalable, and versatile and should also apply to other PSCs.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces</journal><volume>12</volume><journalNumber>16</journalNumber><paginationStart>18578</paginationStart><paginationEnd>18589</paginationEnd><publisher>American Chemical Society (ACS)</publisher><issnPrint>1944-8244</issnPrint><issnElectronic>1944-8252</issnElectronic><keywords>perovskite solar cells, template engineering, mesoporous TiO2, microgel, porosity, grain size</keywords><publishedDay>22</publishedDay><publishedMonth>4</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2020</publishedYear><publishedDate>2020-04-22</publishedDate><doi>10.1021/acsami.0c02248</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Engineering and Applied Sciences School</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>EAAS</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><lastEdited>2020-06-10T16:14:32.7141224</lastEdited><Created>2020-05-07T10:07:52.9672548</Created><authors><author><firstname>Qing</firstname><surname>Lian</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Muhamad Z.</firstname><surname>Mokhtar</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Dongdong</firstname><surname>Lu</surname><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Mingning</firstname><surname>Zhu</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Janet</firstname><surname>Jacobs</surname><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Andrew B.</firstname><surname>Foster</surname><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Andrew G.</firstname><surname>Thomas</surname><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Ben F.</firstname><surname>Spencer</surname><order>8</order></author><author><firstname>Shanglin</firstname><surname>Wu</surname><order>9</order></author><author><firstname>Chen</firstname><surname>Liu</surname><order>10</order></author><author><firstname>Nigel W.</firstname><surname>Hodson</surname><order>11</order></author><author><firstname>Benjamin</firstname><surname>Smith</surname><order>12</order></author><author><firstname>Abdulaziz</firstname><surname>Alkaltham</surname><order>13</order></author><author><firstname>Osama M.</firstname><surname>Alkhudhari</surname><order>14</order></author><author><firstname>Trystan</firstname><surname>Watson</surname><orcid>0000-0002-8015-1436</orcid><order>15</order></author><author><firstname>Brian R.</firstname><surname>Saunders</surname><order>16</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>54160__17199__f59cd888cba44de09d260a0719d20b1c.pdf</filename><originalFilename>54160.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2020-05-07T10:10:09.5024764</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>6714989</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY).</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language><licence>http://pubs.acs.org/page/policy/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html</licence></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2020-06-10T16:14:32.7141224 v2 54160 2020-05-07 Using Soft Polymer Template Engineering of Mesoporous TiO2 Scaffolds to Increase Perovskite Grain Size and Solar Cell Efficiency a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457 0000-0002-8015-1436 Trystan Watson Trystan Watson true false 2020-05-07 EAAS The mesoporous (meso)-TiO2 layer is a key component of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, pore size controllable meso-TiO2 layers are prepared using spin coating of commercial TiO2 nanoparticle (NP) paste with added soft polymer templates (SPT) followed by removal of the SPT at 500 °C. The SPTs consist of swollen crosslinked polymer colloids (microgels, MGs) or a commercial linear polymer (denoted as LIN). The MGs and LIN were comprised of the same polymer, which was poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm). Large (L-MG) and small (S-MG) MG SPTs were employed to study the effect of the template size. The SPT approach enabled pore size engineering in one deposition step. The SPT/TiO2 nanoparticle films had pore sizes > 100 nm, whereas the average pore size was 37 nm for the control meso-TiO2 scaffold. The largest pore sizes were obtained using L-MG. SPT engineering increased the perovskite grain size in the same order as the SPT sizes: LIN < S-MG < L-MG and these grain sizes were larger than those obtained using the control. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the SPT/TiO2 devices were ∼20% higher than that for the control meso-TiO2 device and the PCE of the champion S-MG device was 18.8%. The PCE improvement is due to the increased grain size and more effective light harvesting of the SPT devices. The increased grain size was also responsible for the improved stability of the SPT/TiO2 devices. The SPT method used here is simple, scalable, and versatile and should also apply to other PSCs. Journal Article ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12 16 18578 18589 American Chemical Society (ACS) 1944-8244 1944-8252 perovskite solar cells, template engineering, mesoporous TiO2, microgel, porosity, grain size 22 4 2020 2020-04-22 10.1021/acsami.0c02248 COLLEGE NANME Engineering and Applied Sciences School COLLEGE CODE EAAS Swansea University 2020-06-10T16:14:32.7141224 2020-05-07T10:07:52.9672548 Qing Lian 1 Muhamad Z. Mokhtar 2 Dongdong Lu 3 Mingning Zhu 4 Janet Jacobs 5 Andrew B. Foster 6 Andrew G. Thomas 7 Ben F. Spencer 8 Shanglin Wu 9 Chen Liu 10 Nigel W. Hodson 11 Benjamin Smith 12 Abdulaziz Alkaltham 13 Osama M. Alkhudhari 14 Trystan Watson 0000-0002-8015-1436 15 Brian R. Saunders 16 54160__17199__f59cd888cba44de09d260a0719d20b1c.pdf 54160.pdf 2020-05-07T10:10:09.5024764 Output 6714989 application/pdf Version of Record true This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY). true eng http://pubs.acs.org/page/policy/authorchoice_ccby_termsofuse.html
title Using Soft Polymer Template Engineering of Mesoporous TiO2 Scaffolds to Increase Perovskite Grain Size and Solar Cell Efficiency
spellingShingle Using Soft Polymer Template Engineering of Mesoporous TiO2 Scaffolds to Increase Perovskite Grain Size and Solar Cell Efficiency
Trystan Watson
title_short Using Soft Polymer Template Engineering of Mesoporous TiO2 Scaffolds to Increase Perovskite Grain Size and Solar Cell Efficiency
title_full Using Soft Polymer Template Engineering of Mesoporous TiO2 Scaffolds to Increase Perovskite Grain Size and Solar Cell Efficiency
title_fullStr Using Soft Polymer Template Engineering of Mesoporous TiO2 Scaffolds to Increase Perovskite Grain Size and Solar Cell Efficiency
title_full_unstemmed Using Soft Polymer Template Engineering of Mesoporous TiO2 Scaffolds to Increase Perovskite Grain Size and Solar Cell Efficiency
title_sort Using Soft Polymer Template Engineering of Mesoporous TiO2 Scaffolds to Increase Perovskite Grain Size and Solar Cell Efficiency
author_id_str_mv a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457
author_id_fullname_str_mv a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457_***_Trystan Watson
author Trystan Watson
author2 Qing Lian
Muhamad Z. Mokhtar
Dongdong Lu
Mingning Zhu
Janet Jacobs
Andrew B. Foster
Andrew G. Thomas
Ben F. Spencer
Shanglin Wu
Chen Liu
Nigel W. Hodson
Benjamin Smith
Abdulaziz Alkaltham
Osama M. Alkhudhari
Trystan Watson
Brian R. Saunders
format Journal article
container_title ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
container_volume 12
container_issue 16
container_start_page 18578
publishDate 2020
institution Swansea University
issn 1944-8244
1944-8252
doi_str_mv 10.1021/acsami.0c02248
publisher American Chemical Society (ACS)
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description The mesoporous (meso)-TiO2 layer is a key component of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, pore size controllable meso-TiO2 layers are prepared using spin coating of commercial TiO2 nanoparticle (NP) paste with added soft polymer templates (SPT) followed by removal of the SPT at 500 °C. The SPTs consist of swollen crosslinked polymer colloids (microgels, MGs) or a commercial linear polymer (denoted as LIN). The MGs and LIN were comprised of the same polymer, which was poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm). Large (L-MG) and small (S-MG) MG SPTs were employed to study the effect of the template size. The SPT approach enabled pore size engineering in one deposition step. The SPT/TiO2 nanoparticle films had pore sizes > 100 nm, whereas the average pore size was 37 nm for the control meso-TiO2 scaffold. The largest pore sizes were obtained using L-MG. SPT engineering increased the perovskite grain size in the same order as the SPT sizes: LIN < S-MG < L-MG and these grain sizes were larger than those obtained using the control. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the SPT/TiO2 devices were ∼20% higher than that for the control meso-TiO2 device and the PCE of the champion S-MG device was 18.8%. The PCE improvement is due to the increased grain size and more effective light harvesting of the SPT devices. The increased grain size was also responsible for the improved stability of the SPT/TiO2 devices. The SPT method used here is simple, scalable, and versatile and should also apply to other PSCs.
published_date 2020-04-22T07:54:00Z
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score 11.04748

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