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Synthesis without Solvents: The Cluster (Nanoparticle) Beam Route to Catalysts and Sensors

Richard Palmer Orcid Logo, Rongsheng Cai Orcid Logo, Jerome Vernieres

Accounts of Chemical Research, Volume: 51, Issue: 9, Pages: 2296 - 2304

Swansea University Authors: Richard Palmer Orcid Logo, Rongsheng Cai Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00287

Abstract

It is hard to predict the future of science. For example, when C60 and its structure were identified from the mass spectra of gas phase carbon clusters, few could have predicted the era of carbon nanotechnology which the discovery introduced. The solubilization and functionalization of C60, the iden...

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Published in: Accounts of Chemical Research
ISSN: 0001-4842 1520-4898
Published: 2018
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43578
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For example, when C60 and its structure were identified from the mass spectra of gas phase carbon clusters, few could have predicted the era of carbon nanotechnology which the discovery introduced. The solubilization and functionalization of C60, the identification and then synthesis of carbon nanotubes, and the generation and physics of graphene have made a scale of impact on the international R&amp;D (and to some extent industrial) landscape which could not have been foreseen. Technology emerged from a search for molecules of astrochemical interest in the interstellar gas. This little sketch provides the authors with the confidence to present here a status report on progress toward another radical future&#x2014;the synthesis of nanoparticles (typically metals) on an industrial scale without solvents and consequently effluents, without salts and their sometimes accompanying toxicity, with minimal prospects for unwanted nanoparticle escape into the environment, with a high degree of precision in the control of the size, shape and composition of the nanoparticles produced and with applications from catalysts and sensors to photonics, electronics and theranostics. In fact, our story begins in exactly the same place as the origin of the nanocarbon era&#x2014;the generation and mass selection of free atomic clusters in a vacuum chamber. The steps along the path so far include deposition of such beams of clusters onto surfaces in vacuum, elucidation of the key elements of the cluster&#x2013;surface interaction, and demonstrations of the potential applications of deposited clusters. The principal present challenges, formidable but solvable, are the necessary scale-up of cluster beam deposition from the nanogram to the gram scale and beyond, and the processing and integration of the nanoclusters into appropriate functional architectures, such as powders for heterogeneous catalysis, i.e., the formulation engineering problem. The research which is addressing these challenges is illustrated in this Account by examples of cluster production (on the traditional nanogram scale), emphasizing self-selection of size, controlled generation of nonspherical shapes, and nonspherical binary nanoparticles; by the scale-up of cluster beam production by orders of magnitude with the magnetron sputtering, gas condensation cluster source, and especially the Matrix Assembly Cluster Source (MACS); and by promising demonstrations of deposited clusters in gas sensing and in heterogeneous catalysis (this on the gram scale) in relevant environments (both liquid and vapor phases). The impact on manufacturing engineering of the new paradigm described here is undoubtedly radical; the prospects for economic success are, as usual, full of uncertainties. 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spelling 2018-10-09T16:28:07.8833149 v2 43578 2018-08-28 Synthesis without Solvents: The Cluster (Nanoparticle) Beam Route to Catalysts and Sensors 6ae369618efc7424d9774377536ea519 0000-0001-8728-8083 Richard Palmer Richard Palmer true false c2d38332a07bde5ce1ce66d8750f652e 0000-0002-2148-0563 Rongsheng Cai Rongsheng Cai true false 2018-08-28 MECH It is hard to predict the future of science. For example, when C60 and its structure were identified from the mass spectra of gas phase carbon clusters, few could have predicted the era of carbon nanotechnology which the discovery introduced. The solubilization and functionalization of C60, the identification and then synthesis of carbon nanotubes, and the generation and physics of graphene have made a scale of impact on the international R&D (and to some extent industrial) landscape which could not have been foreseen. Technology emerged from a search for molecules of astrochemical interest in the interstellar gas. This little sketch provides the authors with the confidence to present here a status report on progress toward another radical future—the synthesis of nanoparticles (typically metals) on an industrial scale without solvents and consequently effluents, without salts and their sometimes accompanying toxicity, with minimal prospects for unwanted nanoparticle escape into the environment, with a high degree of precision in the control of the size, shape and composition of the nanoparticles produced and with applications from catalysts and sensors to photonics, electronics and theranostics. In fact, our story begins in exactly the same place as the origin of the nanocarbon era—the generation and mass selection of free atomic clusters in a vacuum chamber. The steps along the path so far include deposition of such beams of clusters onto surfaces in vacuum, elucidation of the key elements of the cluster–surface interaction, and demonstrations of the potential applications of deposited clusters. The principal present challenges, formidable but solvable, are the necessary scale-up of cluster beam deposition from the nanogram to the gram scale and beyond, and the processing and integration of the nanoclusters into appropriate functional architectures, such as powders for heterogeneous catalysis, i.e., the formulation engineering problem. The research which is addressing these challenges is illustrated in this Account by examples of cluster production (on the traditional nanogram scale), emphasizing self-selection of size, controlled generation of nonspherical shapes, and nonspherical binary nanoparticles; by the scale-up of cluster beam production by orders of magnitude with the magnetron sputtering, gas condensation cluster source, and especially the Matrix Assembly Cluster Source (MACS); and by promising demonstrations of deposited clusters in gas sensing and in heterogeneous catalysis (this on the gram scale) in relevant environments (both liquid and vapor phases). The impact on manufacturing engineering of the new paradigm described here is undoubtedly radical; the prospects for economic success are, as usual, full of uncertainties. Let the readers form their own judgements. Journal Article Accounts of Chemical Research 51 9 2296 2304 0001-4842 1520-4898 31 12 2018 2018-12-31 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00287 COLLEGE NANME Mechanical Engineering COLLEGE CODE MECH Swansea University RCUK, EP/K006061/2 2018-10-09T16:28:07.8833149 2018-08-28T11:27:36.7232696 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering Richard Palmer 0000-0001-8728-8083 1 Rongsheng Cai 0000-0002-2148-0563 2 Jerome Vernieres 3 0043578-01102018084022.pdf palmer2018(2).pdf 2018-10-01T08:40:22.7700000 Output 5672390 application/pdf Version of Record true 2018-10-01T00:00:00.0000000 Distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons CC-BY Licence. true eng
title Synthesis without Solvents: The Cluster (Nanoparticle) Beam Route to Catalysts and Sensors
spellingShingle Synthesis without Solvents: The Cluster (Nanoparticle) Beam Route to Catalysts and Sensors
Richard Palmer
Rongsheng Cai
title_short Synthesis without Solvents: The Cluster (Nanoparticle) Beam Route to Catalysts and Sensors
title_full Synthesis without Solvents: The Cluster (Nanoparticle) Beam Route to Catalysts and Sensors
title_fullStr Synthesis without Solvents: The Cluster (Nanoparticle) Beam Route to Catalysts and Sensors
title_full_unstemmed Synthesis without Solvents: The Cluster (Nanoparticle) Beam Route to Catalysts and Sensors
title_sort Synthesis without Solvents: The Cluster (Nanoparticle) Beam Route to Catalysts and Sensors
author_id_str_mv 6ae369618efc7424d9774377536ea519
c2d38332a07bde5ce1ce66d8750f652e
author_id_fullname_str_mv 6ae369618efc7424d9774377536ea519_***_Richard Palmer
c2d38332a07bde5ce1ce66d8750f652e_***_Rongsheng Cai
author Richard Palmer
Rongsheng Cai
author2 Richard Palmer
Rongsheng Cai
Jerome Vernieres
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publishDate 2018
institution Swansea University
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doi_str_mv 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00287
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering
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description It is hard to predict the future of science. For example, when C60 and its structure were identified from the mass spectra of gas phase carbon clusters, few could have predicted the era of carbon nanotechnology which the discovery introduced. The solubilization and functionalization of C60, the identification and then synthesis of carbon nanotubes, and the generation and physics of graphene have made a scale of impact on the international R&D (and to some extent industrial) landscape which could not have been foreseen. Technology emerged from a search for molecules of astrochemical interest in the interstellar gas. This little sketch provides the authors with the confidence to present here a status report on progress toward another radical future—the synthesis of nanoparticles (typically metals) on an industrial scale without solvents and consequently effluents, without salts and their sometimes accompanying toxicity, with minimal prospects for unwanted nanoparticle escape into the environment, with a high degree of precision in the control of the size, shape and composition of the nanoparticles produced and with applications from catalysts and sensors to photonics, electronics and theranostics. In fact, our story begins in exactly the same place as the origin of the nanocarbon era—the generation and mass selection of free atomic clusters in a vacuum chamber. The steps along the path so far include deposition of such beams of clusters onto surfaces in vacuum, elucidation of the key elements of the cluster–surface interaction, and demonstrations of the potential applications of deposited clusters. The principal present challenges, formidable but solvable, are the necessary scale-up of cluster beam deposition from the nanogram to the gram scale and beyond, and the processing and integration of the nanoclusters into appropriate functional architectures, such as powders for heterogeneous catalysis, i.e., the formulation engineering problem. The research which is addressing these challenges is illustrated in this Account by examples of cluster production (on the traditional nanogram scale), emphasizing self-selection of size, controlled generation of nonspherical shapes, and nonspherical binary nanoparticles; by the scale-up of cluster beam production by orders of magnitude with the magnetron sputtering, gas condensation cluster source, and especially the Matrix Assembly Cluster Source (MACS); and by promising demonstrations of deposited clusters in gas sensing and in heterogeneous catalysis (this on the gram scale) in relevant environments (both liquid and vapor phases). The impact on manufacturing engineering of the new paradigm described here is undoubtedly radical; the prospects for economic success are, as usual, full of uncertainties. Let the readers form their own judgements.
published_date 2018-12-31T03:54:49Z
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score 11.013148

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