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Rapid, Semi-Automated Fractionation of Freshwater Dissolved Organic Carbon Using DAX 8 (XAD 8) and XAD 4 Resins in Tandem

David D. Hughes, Peter Holliman Orcid Logo, Timothy Jones, Alexander J. Butler Christopher Freeman

Natural Science, Volume: 08, Issue: 11, Pages: 487 - 498

Swansea University Author: Peter Holliman Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.4236/ns.2016.811050

Abstract

Natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) consists of different bio-molecular classes of compounds that are currently very difficult and time-consuming to isolate as individual compounds. However, it is possible to separate natural DOC into hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions. Such characterisation a...

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Published in: Natural Science
ISSN: 2150-4091 2150-4105
Published: 2016
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa37041
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spelling 2017-11-24T11:45:45.0275408 v2 37041 2017-11-24 Rapid, Semi-Automated Fractionation of Freshwater Dissolved Organic Carbon Using DAX 8 (XAD 8) and XAD 4 Resins in Tandem c8f52394d776279c9c690dc26066ddf9 0000-0002-9911-8513 Peter Holliman Peter Holliman true false 2017-11-24 MTLS Natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) consists of different bio-molecular classes of compounds that are currently very difficult and time-consuming to isolate as individual compounds. However, it is possible to separate natural DOC into hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions. Such characterisation approaches are becoming increasingly important because, over the past 20 years natural DOC concentrations have been rising rapidly in many parts of the world, most likely influenced by climate change. Higher DOC concentrations in drinking water catchments present a serious problem for the water industry because DOC can form disinfection by-products DBPs during water treatment (e.g. chlorination). Hence, there is an urgent need to better characterise natural DOC before, during and after water treatment. However, current DOC fractionation procedures are extremely laborious requiring days and continual manual monitoring to separate sufficient quantities of DOC for subsequent analysis. This seriously limits sample throughput and the parameter space which can be studied. In this paper, we propose a much more rapid semi-automated method (12.5 hours/litre/sample) which utilises readily available equipment, i.e., HPLC pump or similar and sequential columns of Amberlite DAX 8 and XAD 4 resins. The method reduces the manual input from continual attention to minutes. This paper describes the development of the method and its application in the fractionation of natural DOC from reservoir and lake samples fed from upland peat-land catchments. Recoveries are found to be comparable to those using the manual technique, with the dominant component being hydrophobic acid accounting for 35% - 40% of the natural DOC with the second largest, being hydrophilic acid at 20% - 27%. Journal Article Natural Science 08 11 487 498 2150-4091 2150-4105 Dissolved Organic Carbon, Hydrophilic Compounds, Hydrophobic Compounds, Fulvic Acids, Humic Acids, Resins 30 11 2016 2016-11-30 10.4236/ns.2016.811050 COLLEGE NANME Materials Science and Engineering COLLEGE CODE MTLS Swansea University 2017-11-24T11:45:45.0275408 2017-11-24T11:42:54.7941097 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering David D. Hughes 1 Peter Holliman 0000-0002-9911-8513 2 Timothy Jones 3 Alexander J. Butler Christopher Freeman 4 0037041-24112017114537.pdf hughes2017.pdf 2017-11-24T11:45:37.7730000 Output 745588 application/pdf Version of Record true 2017-11-24T00:00:00.0000000 false eng
title Rapid, Semi-Automated Fractionation of Freshwater Dissolved Organic Carbon Using DAX 8 (XAD 8) and XAD 4 Resins in Tandem
spellingShingle Rapid, Semi-Automated Fractionation of Freshwater Dissolved Organic Carbon Using DAX 8 (XAD 8) and XAD 4 Resins in Tandem
Peter Holliman
title_short Rapid, Semi-Automated Fractionation of Freshwater Dissolved Organic Carbon Using DAX 8 (XAD 8) and XAD 4 Resins in Tandem
title_full Rapid, Semi-Automated Fractionation of Freshwater Dissolved Organic Carbon Using DAX 8 (XAD 8) and XAD 4 Resins in Tandem
title_fullStr Rapid, Semi-Automated Fractionation of Freshwater Dissolved Organic Carbon Using DAX 8 (XAD 8) and XAD 4 Resins in Tandem
title_full_unstemmed Rapid, Semi-Automated Fractionation of Freshwater Dissolved Organic Carbon Using DAX 8 (XAD 8) and XAD 4 Resins in Tandem
title_sort Rapid, Semi-Automated Fractionation of Freshwater Dissolved Organic Carbon Using DAX 8 (XAD 8) and XAD 4 Resins in Tandem
author_id_str_mv c8f52394d776279c9c690dc26066ddf9
author_id_fullname_str_mv c8f52394d776279c9c690dc26066ddf9_***_Peter Holliman
author Peter Holliman
author2 David D. Hughes
Peter Holliman
Timothy Jones
Alexander J. Butler Christopher Freeman
format Journal article
container_title Natural Science
container_volume 08
container_issue 11
container_start_page 487
publishDate 2016
institution Swansea University
issn 2150-4091
2150-4105
doi_str_mv 10.4236/ns.2016.811050
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
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description Natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) consists of different bio-molecular classes of compounds that are currently very difficult and time-consuming to isolate as individual compounds. However, it is possible to separate natural DOC into hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions. Such characterisation approaches are becoming increasingly important because, over the past 20 years natural DOC concentrations have been rising rapidly in many parts of the world, most likely influenced by climate change. Higher DOC concentrations in drinking water catchments present a serious problem for the water industry because DOC can form disinfection by-products DBPs during water treatment (e.g. chlorination). Hence, there is an urgent need to better characterise natural DOC before, during and after water treatment. However, current DOC fractionation procedures are extremely laborious requiring days and continual manual monitoring to separate sufficient quantities of DOC for subsequent analysis. This seriously limits sample throughput and the parameter space which can be studied. In this paper, we propose a much more rapid semi-automated method (12.5 hours/litre/sample) which utilises readily available equipment, i.e., HPLC pump or similar and sequential columns of Amberlite DAX 8 and XAD 4 resins. The method reduces the manual input from continual attention to minutes. This paper describes the development of the method and its application in the fractionation of natural DOC from reservoir and lake samples fed from upland peat-land catchments. Recoveries are found to be comparable to those using the manual technique, with the dominant component being hydrophobic acid accounting for 35% - 40% of the natural DOC with the second largest, being hydrophilic acid at 20% - 27%.
published_date 2016-11-30T03:46:33Z
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