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Morphology-performance relationships in polymer/fullerene blends probed by complementary characterisation techniques – effects of nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing

Jong Soo Kim, Sebastian Wood, Safa Shoaee, Steve J. Spencer, Fernando A. Castro, Wing Chung Tsoi Orcid Logo, Craig E. Murphy, Myungsun Sim, Kilwon Cho, James Durrant Orcid Logo, Ji-Seon Kim

Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Volume: 3, Issue: 35, Pages: 9224 - 9232

Swansea University Authors: Wing Chung Tsoi Orcid Logo, James Durrant Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1039/C5TC01720C

Abstract

We report detailed analysis of the thin film morphology (molecular packing, molecular conformational order, and vertical phase separation) – performance (charge transport, photocurrent generation, and photovoltaic performance) relationships under nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing i...

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Published in: Journal of Materials Chemistry C
ISSN: 2050-7526 2050-7534
Published: 2015
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa32051
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fullrecord <?xml version="1.0"?><rfc1807><datestamp>2020-09-17T11:33:18.5253157</datestamp><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>32051</id><entry>2017-02-23</entry><title>Morphology-performance relationships in polymer/fullerene blends probed by complementary characterisation techniques &#x2013; effects of nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>7e5f541df6635a9a8e1a579ff2de5d56</sid><ORCID>0000-0003-3836-5139</ORCID><firstname>Wing Chung</firstname><surname>Tsoi</surname><name>Wing Chung Tsoi</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author><author><sid>f3dd64bc260e5c07adfa916c27dbd58a</sid><ORCID>0000-0001-8353-7345</ORCID><firstname>James</firstname><surname>Durrant</surname><name>James Durrant</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2017-02-23</date><deptcode>MTLS</deptcode><abstract>We report detailed analysis of the thin film morphology (molecular packing, molecular conformational order, and vertical phase separation) &#x2013; performance (charge transport, photocurrent generation, and photovoltaic performance) relationships under nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing in polymer:fullerene blends. Nanowires of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) are formed by controlled precipitation from solution and blended with [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to form bulk heterojunction thin films. The formation of nanowires and further thermal annealing result in increased molecular order of the P3HT, where the short-range conformational order is maximised by annealing at 100 &#xB0;C and decreases when annealed at higher temperatures, but the quality of long-range molecular packing and lamellar packing distance increase with annealing temperature up to 150 &#xB0;C. The long-range order correlates strongly with an increase in hole mobility, but the reduction in short-range conformational order indicates a slight reduction in planarity of the conjugated backbone in this aggregated polymer morphology. Photoconductive atomic force microscopy reveals enhanced connectivity of the hole transporting nanowire network as a result of thermal annealing. Additionally, we find that the nanowire morphology results in a favourable vertical phase separation, with PCBM enrichment at the electron-extracting surface in the conventional architecture, which is contrary to the non-nanowire case. This effect is further encouraged by thermal annealing, resulting in an enhancement of open-circuit voltage, and represents a morphological advantage over conventional P3HT:PCBM devices. Our study identifies an important interplay between long-range and short-range molecular order in charge generation, transport, extraction, and hence solar cell device performance.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Journal of Materials Chemistry C</journal><volume>3</volume><journalNumber>35</journalNumber><paginationStart>9224</paginationStart><paginationEnd>9232</paginationEnd><publisher/><issnPrint>2050-7526</issnPrint><issnElectronic>2050-7534</issnElectronic><keywords/><publishedDay>21</publishedDay><publishedMonth>9</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2015</publishedYear><publishedDate>2015-09-21</publishedDate><doi>10.1039/C5TC01720C</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Materials Science and Engineering</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>MTLS</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><lastEdited>2020-09-17T11:33:18.5253157</lastEdited><Created>2017-02-23T09:28:26.4447124</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Jong Soo</firstname><surname>Kim</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Sebastian</firstname><surname>Wood</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Safa</firstname><surname>Shoaee</surname><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Steve J.</firstname><surname>Spencer</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Fernando A.</firstname><surname>Castro</surname><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Wing Chung</firstname><surname>Tsoi</surname><orcid>0000-0003-3836-5139</orcid><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Craig E.</firstname><surname>Murphy</surname><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Myungsun</firstname><surname>Sim</surname><order>8</order></author><author><firstname>Kilwon</firstname><surname>Cho</surname><order>9</order></author><author><firstname>James</firstname><surname>Durrant</surname><orcid>0000-0001-8353-7345</orcid><order>10</order></author><author><firstname>Ji-Seon</firstname><surname>Kim</surname><order>11</order></author></authors><documents/><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2020-09-17T11:33:18.5253157 v2 32051 2017-02-23 Morphology-performance relationships in polymer/fullerene blends probed by complementary characterisation techniques – effects of nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing 7e5f541df6635a9a8e1a579ff2de5d56 0000-0003-3836-5139 Wing Chung Tsoi Wing Chung Tsoi true false f3dd64bc260e5c07adfa916c27dbd58a 0000-0001-8353-7345 James Durrant James Durrant true false 2017-02-23 MTLS We report detailed analysis of the thin film morphology (molecular packing, molecular conformational order, and vertical phase separation) – performance (charge transport, photocurrent generation, and photovoltaic performance) relationships under nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing in polymer:fullerene blends. Nanowires of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) are formed by controlled precipitation from solution and blended with [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to form bulk heterojunction thin films. The formation of nanowires and further thermal annealing result in increased molecular order of the P3HT, where the short-range conformational order is maximised by annealing at 100 °C and decreases when annealed at higher temperatures, but the quality of long-range molecular packing and lamellar packing distance increase with annealing temperature up to 150 °C. The long-range order correlates strongly with an increase in hole mobility, but the reduction in short-range conformational order indicates a slight reduction in planarity of the conjugated backbone in this aggregated polymer morphology. Photoconductive atomic force microscopy reveals enhanced connectivity of the hole transporting nanowire network as a result of thermal annealing. Additionally, we find that the nanowire morphology results in a favourable vertical phase separation, with PCBM enrichment at the electron-extracting surface in the conventional architecture, which is contrary to the non-nanowire case. This effect is further encouraged by thermal annealing, resulting in an enhancement of open-circuit voltage, and represents a morphological advantage over conventional P3HT:PCBM devices. Our study identifies an important interplay between long-range and short-range molecular order in charge generation, transport, extraction, and hence solar cell device performance. Journal Article Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3 35 9224 9232 2050-7526 2050-7534 21 9 2015 2015-09-21 10.1039/C5TC01720C COLLEGE NANME Materials Science and Engineering COLLEGE CODE MTLS Swansea University 2020-09-17T11:33:18.5253157 2017-02-23T09:28:26.4447124 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering Jong Soo Kim 1 Sebastian Wood 2 Safa Shoaee 3 Steve J. Spencer 4 Fernando A. Castro 5 Wing Chung Tsoi 0000-0003-3836-5139 6 Craig E. Murphy 7 Myungsun Sim 8 Kilwon Cho 9 James Durrant 0000-0001-8353-7345 10 Ji-Seon Kim 11
title Morphology-performance relationships in polymer/fullerene blends probed by complementary characterisation techniques – effects of nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing
spellingShingle Morphology-performance relationships in polymer/fullerene blends probed by complementary characterisation techniques – effects of nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing
Wing Chung Tsoi
James Durrant
title_short Morphology-performance relationships in polymer/fullerene blends probed by complementary characterisation techniques – effects of nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing
title_full Morphology-performance relationships in polymer/fullerene blends probed by complementary characterisation techniques – effects of nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing
title_fullStr Morphology-performance relationships in polymer/fullerene blends probed by complementary characterisation techniques – effects of nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing
title_full_unstemmed Morphology-performance relationships in polymer/fullerene blends probed by complementary characterisation techniques – effects of nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing
title_sort Morphology-performance relationships in polymer/fullerene blends probed by complementary characterisation techniques – effects of nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing
author_id_str_mv 7e5f541df6635a9a8e1a579ff2de5d56
f3dd64bc260e5c07adfa916c27dbd58a
author_id_fullname_str_mv 7e5f541df6635a9a8e1a579ff2de5d56_***_Wing Chung Tsoi
f3dd64bc260e5c07adfa916c27dbd58a_***_James Durrant
author Wing Chung Tsoi
James Durrant
author2 Jong Soo Kim
Sebastian Wood
Safa Shoaee
Steve J. Spencer
Fernando A. Castro
Wing Chung Tsoi
Craig E. Murphy
Myungsun Sim
Kilwon Cho
James Durrant
Ji-Seon Kim
format Journal article
container_title Journal of Materials Chemistry C
container_volume 3
container_issue 35
container_start_page 9224
publishDate 2015
institution Swansea University
issn 2050-7526
2050-7534
doi_str_mv 10.1039/C5TC01720C
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
document_store_str 0
active_str 0
description We report detailed analysis of the thin film morphology (molecular packing, molecular conformational order, and vertical phase separation) – performance (charge transport, photocurrent generation, and photovoltaic performance) relationships under nanowire formation and subsequent thermal annealing in polymer:fullerene blends. Nanowires of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) are formed by controlled precipitation from solution and blended with [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to form bulk heterojunction thin films. The formation of nanowires and further thermal annealing result in increased molecular order of the P3HT, where the short-range conformational order is maximised by annealing at 100 °C and decreases when annealed at higher temperatures, but the quality of long-range molecular packing and lamellar packing distance increase with annealing temperature up to 150 °C. The long-range order correlates strongly with an increase in hole mobility, but the reduction in short-range conformational order indicates a slight reduction in planarity of the conjugated backbone in this aggregated polymer morphology. Photoconductive atomic force microscopy reveals enhanced connectivity of the hole transporting nanowire network as a result of thermal annealing. Additionally, we find that the nanowire morphology results in a favourable vertical phase separation, with PCBM enrichment at the electron-extracting surface in the conventional architecture, which is contrary to the non-nanowire case. This effect is further encouraged by thermal annealing, resulting in an enhancement of open-circuit voltage, and represents a morphological advantage over conventional P3HT:PCBM devices. Our study identifies an important interplay between long-range and short-range molecular order in charge generation, transport, extraction, and hence solar cell device performance.
published_date 2015-09-21T03:39:12Z
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score 11.014358

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